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In [[physical cosmology]], [[astronomy]] and [[celestial]] [[mechanics]], '''anti-gravity''' is the [[idea]] of creating a place or object that is free from the [[force]] of [[gravity]]. It does not refer to the lack of weight under gravity [[experienced]] in free fall or [[orbit]], nor to [[balancing]] the force of gravity with some other force, such as [[electromagnetism]] or aerodynamic lift.

In [[physical cosmology]], [[astronomy]] and [[celestial]] [[mechanics]], '''anti-gravity''' is the [[idea]] of creating a place or object that is free from the [[force]] of [[gravity]]. It does not refer to the lack of weight under gravity [[experienced]] in free fall or [[orbit]], nor to [[balancing]] the force of gravity with some other force, such as [[electromagnetism]] or aerodynamic lift.

Instead, anti-gravity requires that the [[Foundation|fundamental]] [[cause]]s of the [[force]] of gravity be made either not present or not applicable to the place or object through some kind of [[technological]] [[intervention]]. Anti-gravity is a recurring [[concept]] in [[science fiction]], particularly in the [[context]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion spacecraft propulsion]. The [[concept]] was first introduced formally as "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavorite Cavorite]" in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells H. G. Wells]' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon The First Men in the Moon], and has been a favorite item of [[imaginative]] [[work]] since that day.

Instead, anti-gravity requires that the [[Foundation|fundamental]] [[cause]]s of the [[force]] of gravity be made either not present or not applicable to the place or object through some kind of [[technological]] [[intervention]]. Anti-gravity is a recurring [[concept]] in [[science fiction]], particularly in the [[context]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion spacecraft propulsion]. The [[concept]] was first introduced formally as "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavorite Cavorite]" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells H. G. Wells]' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Men_in_the_Moon The First Men in the Moon], and has been a favorite item of [[imaginative]] [[work]] since that day.

In the first [[mathematically]] accurate description of gravity, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation], [[gravity]] was an external [[force]] [[transmitted]] by unknown means. However in the early part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century 20th century] Newton's [[model]] was replaced by the more general and complete description known as [[general relativity]]. In general relativity, gravity is not a force in the [[traditional]] sense of the [[word]], but the result of the [[geometry]] of [[space]] itself. These geometrical solutions always cause [[attractive]] "forces". Under general relativity, anti-gravity is highly unlikely, except under contrived circumstances that are regarded as unlikely or impossible. The term "anti-gravity" is also sometimes used to refer to hypothetical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionless_propulsion reactionless propulsion drives] based on certain solutions to general [[relativity]], although these do not oppose gravity as such.

In the first [[mathematically]] accurate description of gravity, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation], [[gravity]] was an external [[force]] [[transmitted]] by unknown means. However in the early part of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century 20th century] Newton's [[model]] was replaced by the more general and complete description known as [[general relativity]]. In general relativity, gravity is not a force in the [[traditional]] sense of the [[word]], but the result of the [[geometry]] of [[space]] itself. These geometrical solutions always cause [[attractive]] "forces". Under general relativity, anti-gravity is highly unlikely, except under contrived circumstances that are regarded as unlikely or impossible. The term "anti-gravity" is also sometimes used to refer to hypothetical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionless_propulsion reactionless propulsion drives] based on certain solutions to general [[relativity]], although these do not oppose gravity as such.

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Anti-gravity''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Anti-gravity '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Anti-gravity''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Anti-gravity '''''this link'''''].</center>

There are more recent [[theories]] that add to general [[relativity]] or replace it outright, and some of these appear to allow anti-gravity-like solutions. However, according to the current widely accepted [[physical]] theories, verified in [[experiments]], and according to the major directions of physical [[research]], it is considered highly unlikely that anti-gravity is possible.[1][2][3]

There are more recent [[theories]] that add to general [[relativity]] or replace it outright, and some of these appear to allow anti-gravity-like solutions. However, according to the current widely accepted [[physical]] theories, verified in [[experiments]], and according to the major directions of physical [[research]], it is considered highly unlikely that anti-gravity is possible.[1][2][3]

Anti-gravity devices are a common [[invention]] in the "alt" field, often requiring a completely new [[physics]] framework in order to [[work]]. However there have also been a number of commercial attempts to build such devices as well, and a small number of reports of anti-gravity-like effects in the [[scientific]] [[literature]]. As of 2007 none of them are widely accepted by the physics community.

Anti-gravity devices are a common [[invention]] in the "alt" field, often requiring a completely new [[physics]] framework in order to [[work]]. However there have also been a number of commercial attempts to build such devices as well, and a small number of reports of anti-gravity-like effects in the [[scientific]] [[literature]]. As of 2007 none of them are widely accepted by the physics community.

==Gyroscopic devices==

==Gyroscopic devices==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope Gyroscopes] produce a [[force]] when twisted that operates "out of plane" and can appear to lift themselves against [[gravity]]. Although this force is well understood to be [[illusory]], even under Newtonian models, it has nevertheless generated numerous claims of anti-gravity devices and any number of patented devices. None of these devices have ever been [[demonstrated]] to work under controlled conditions.  

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope Gyroscopes] produce a [[force]] when twisted that operates "out of plane" and can appear to lift themselves against [[gravity]]. Although this force is well understood to be [[illusory]], even under Newtonian models, it has nevertheless generated numerous claims of anti-gravity devices and any number of patented devices. None of these devices have ever been [[demonstrated]] to work under controlled conditions.  

Perhaps the best known example is a [[series]] of patents issued to Henry William Wallace, an engineer at GE Aerospace in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and GE Re-Entry Systems in Philadelphia. He constructed devices that rapidly spun disks of brass, a [[material]] made up largely of elements with a total half-integer nuclear spin.[11] He claimed that by rapidly rotating a disk of such material, the nuclear spin became aligned, and as a result created a "gravitomagnetic" field in a [[fashion]] similar to the magnetic field created by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_effect Barnett effect].

Perhaps the best known example is a [[series]] of patents issued to Henry William Wallace, an engineer at GE Aerospace in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and GE Re-Entry Systems in Philadelphia. He constructed devices that rapidly spun disks of brass, a [[material]] made up largely of elements with a total half-integer nuclear spin.[11] He claimed that by rapidly rotating a disk of such material, the nuclear spin became aligned, and as a result created a "gravitomagnetic" field in a [[fashion]] similar to the magnetic field created by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett_effect Barnett effect].

==Conventional effects that mimic anti-gravity effects==

==Conventional effects that mimic anti-gravity effects==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation Magnetic levitation] suspends an object against [[gravity]] by use of electromagnetic forces. While [[visually]] impressive, gravitation itself [[functions]] normally in such devices. Various alleged anti-gravity devices may in [[reality]] work by electromagnetism.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation Magnetic levitation] suspends an object against [[gravity]] by use of electromagnetic forces. While [[visually]] impressive, gravitation itself [[functions]] normally in such devices. Various alleged anti-gravity devices may in [[reality]] work by electromagnetism.

* A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force tidal force] [[cause]]s objects to move along diverging paths near a massive [[body]] (such as a [[planet]] or star), producing effects that seem like repulsion or disruptive forces when observed locally. This is not anti-gravity. In Newtonian [[mechanics]], the tidal force is the effect of the larger object's gravitational force being [[different]] at the differing locations of the diverging bodies. Likewise, in Einsteinian gravity, the tidal force is the effect of the diverging bodies following different paths in the negatively [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature curved] [[spacetime]] around the larger body.

* A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force tidal force] [[cause]]s objects to move along diverging paths near a massive [[body]] (such as a [[planet]] or star), producing effects that seem like repulsion or disruptive forces when observed locally. This is not anti-gravity. In Newtonian [[mechanics]], the tidal force is the effect of the larger object's gravitational force being [[different]] at the differing locations of the diverging bodies. Likewise, in Einsteinian gravity, the tidal force is the effect of the diverging bodies following different paths in the negatively [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature curved] [[spacetime]] around the larger body.

* Large amounts of normal [[matter]] can be used to produce a gravitational field that compensates for the effects of another gravitational field, though the entire assembly will still be attracted to the source of the larger field. Physicist Robert L. Forward proposed using lumps of degenerate matter to locally compensate for the tidal forces near a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star neutron star].

* Large amounts of normal [[matter]] can be used to produce a gravitational field that compensates for the effects of another gravitational field, though the entire assembly will still be attracted to the source of the larger field. Physicist Robert L. Forward proposed using lumps of degenerate matter to locally compensate for the tidal forces near a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star neutron star].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionocraft Ionocraft], or sometimes referred to as "Lifters" have been claimed to defy gravity, but in [[fact]] they use accelerated ions which have been stripped from the air around them to produce thrust. The thrust produced by one of these toys is not enough to lift its own power supply. Specifically, a special type of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrodynamic_thruster electrohydrodynamic thruster] uses the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect Biefeld–Brown] effect to hover.

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionocraft Ionocraft], or sometimes referred to as "Lifters" have been claimed to defy gravity, but in [[fact]] they use accelerated ions which have been stripped from the air around them to produce thrust. The thrust produced by one of these toys is not enough to lift its own power supply. Specifically, a special type of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrodynamic_thruster electrohydrodynamic thruster] uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect Biefeld–Brown] effect to hover.

==Quote==

==Quote==

'''Antigravity''' can annul [[gravity]] within a local frame; it does so by the [[exercise]] of [[equal]] [[force]] [[presence]]. It operates only with [[reference]] to [[material]] gravity, and it is not the [[action]] of [[mind]]. The gravity-resistant [[phenomenon]] of a gyroscope is a fair [[illustration]] of the ''[[effect]]'' of antigravity but of no [[value]] to illustrate the [[cause]] of antigravity. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_9_-_Relation_of_the_Infinite_Spirit_to_the_Universe#9:3._THE_UNIVERSAL_MANIPULATOR 9:3.3]

'''Antigravity''' can annul [[gravity]] within a local frame; it does so by the [[exercise]] of [[equal]] [[force]] [[presence]]. It operates only with [[reference]] to [[material]] gravity, and it is not the [[action]] of [[mind]]. The gravity-resistant [[phenomenon]] of a gyroscope is a fair [[illustration]] of the ''[[effect]]'' of antigravity but of no [[value]] to illustrate the [[cause]] of antigravity. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_9_-_Relation_of_the_Infinite_Spirit_to_the_Universe#9:3._THE_UNIVERSAL_MANIPULATOR 9:3.3]

#  Iwanaga, N. (1999). Reviews of some field propulsion methods from the general relativistic standpoint.AIP Conference Proceedings, 458, 1015-1059.

#  Iwanaga, N. (1999). Reviews of some field propulsion methods from the general relativistic standpoint.AIP Conference Proceedings, 458, 1015-1059.

#  Provatidis, Christopher, G. (2009). A novel mechanism to produce figure-eight-shaped closed curves in the three-dimensional space, 3rd International Conference on Experiments/Process/System Modeling/Simulation & Optimization (3rd IC-EpsMsO), Athens, 8-11 July

#  Provatidis, Christopher, G. (2009). A novel mechanism to produce figure-eight-shaped closed curves in the three-dimensional space, 3rd International Conference on Experiments/Process/System Modeling/Simulation & Optimization (3rd IC-EpsMsO), Athens, 8-11 July

#  Tsiriggakis, V. Th. and Provatidis C. G. (2008). Antigravity Mechanism, US Patent Application No.61/110,307 (Filing date: Oct. 31, 2008); also at http://www.tsiriggakis.gr/sm.html

#  Tsiriggakis, V. Th. and Provatidis C. G. (2008). Antigravity Mechanism, US Patent Application No.61/110,307 (Filing date: Oct. 31, 2008); also at https://www.tsiriggakis.gr/sm.html

#  Taming Gravity - Popular Mechanics at www.popularmechanics.com

#  Taming Gravity - Popular Mechanics at www.popularmechanics.com

#  Institute of Gravity Research - Antigravity at www.gravitation.org

#  Institute of Gravity Research - Antigravity at www.gravitation.org

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, K. Marhold, C.J. de Matos: Experimental Detection of the Gravitomagnetic London Moment

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, K. Marhold, C.J. de Matos: Experimental Detection of the Gravitomagnetic London Moment

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, B. Seifert, K. Marhold: Measurement of Gravitomagnetic and Acceleration Fields Around Rotating Superconductors

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, B. Seifert, K. Marhold: Measurement of Gravitomagnetic and Acceleration Fields Around Rotating Superconductors

#  Graham, R.D.; Hurst, R.B.; Thirkettle, R.J.; Rowe, C.H.; Butler, P.H. (July 2007). "Experiment to Detect Frame Dragging in a Lead Superconductor". http://www.ringlaser.org.nz/papers/SuperFrameDragging2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-19.  (Submitted to Physica C)

#  Graham, R.D.; Hurst, R.B.; Thirkettle, R.J.; Rowe, C.H.; Butler, P.H. (July 2007). "Experiment to Detect Frame Dragging in a Lead Superconductor". https://www.ringlaser.org.nz/papers/SuperFrameDragging2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-19.  (Submitted to Physica C)

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, B. Seifert, R. Schnitzer, I. Vasiljevich, Search for framedragging in the vicinity of spinning superconductors, in: proceedings of the 18th International Conference on General Relativity & Gravitation, Sydney, 2007.

#  M. Tajmar, F. Plesescu, B. Seifert, R. Schnitzer, I. Vasiljevich, Search for framedragging in the vicinity of spinning superconductors, in: proceedings of the 18th International Conference on General Relativity & Gravitation, Sydney, 2007.

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2006/TM-2006-214390.pdf Responding to Mechanical Antigravity], a NASA paper debunking a wide variety of gyroscopic (and related) devices

*[https://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2006/TM-2006-214390.pdf Responding to Mechanical Antigravity], a NASA paper debunking a wide variety of gyroscopic (and related) devices

*[http://www.gravitation.org/institute_of_gravity_research/institute_of_gravity_research.html Göde Scientific Foundation]

*[https://www.gravitation.org/institute_of_gravity_research/institute_of_gravity_research.html Göde Scientific Foundation]

[[Category: Physics]]

[[Category: Physics]]