Changes

==PAPER 61: THE MAMMALIAN ERA ON URANTIA==     

==PAPER 61: THE MAMMALIAN ERA ON URANTIA==     

61:0.1 The era of [[mammals]] extends from the times of the [[origin]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta placental] mammals to the end of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age], covering a little less than fifty million years.

61:0.1 The era of [[mammals]] extends from the times of the [[origin]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta placental] mammals to the end of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age], covering a little less than fifty million years.

61:0.2 During this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] age the world's landscape presented an attractive [[appearance]]—rolling hills, broad valleys, wide [[rivers]], and great forests. Twice during this sector of time the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_isthmus Panama Isthmus] went up and down; three times [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge did the same. The [[animal]] [[types]] were both many and varied. The trees swarmed with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds birds], and the whole world was an [[animal]] [[paradise]], notwithstanding the incessant [[struggle]] of the evolving animal [[species]] for supremacy.

61:0.2 During this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] age the world's landscape presented an attractive [[appearance]]—rolling hills, broad valleys, wide [[rivers]], and great forests. Twice during this sector of time the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_isthmus Panama Isthmus] went up and down; three times [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge did the same. The [[animal]] [[types]] were both many and varied. The trees swarmed with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds birds], and the whole world was an [[animal]] [[paradise]], notwithstanding the incessant [[struggle]] of the evolving animal [[species]] for supremacy.

61:0.3 The accumulated deposits of the five periods of this fifty-million-year era contain the [[fossil]] records of the successive mammalian dynasties and lead right up through the times of the [[actual]] [[appearance]] of [[man]] himself.

61:0.3 The accumulated deposits of the five periods of this fifty-million-year era contain the [[fossil]] records of the successive mammalian dynasties and lead right up through the times of the [[actual]] [[appearance]] of [[man]] himself.

61:1.1 50,000,000 y ears ago the [[land]] areas of the world were very generally above [[water]] or only slightly submerged. The formations and deposits of this period are both [[land]] and [[marine]], but chiefly land. For a considerable time the land [[gradually]] rose but was [[simultaneously]] washed down to the lower levels and toward the [[seas]].

61:1.1 50,000,000 y ears ago the [[land]] areas of the world were very generally above [[water]] or only slightly submerged. The formations and deposits of this period are both [[land]] and [[marine]], but chiefly land. For a considerable time the land [[gradually]] rose but was [[simultaneously]] washed down to the lower levels and toward the [[seas]].

61:1.2 Early in this period and in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the placental type of [[mammals]] suddenly appeared, and they [[constituted]] the most important [[evolutionary]] [[development]] up to this time. Previous orders of nonplacental [[mammals]] had existed, but this new [[type]] sprang directly and suddenly from the pre-existent [[reptilian]] [[ancestor]] whose descendants had [[persisted]] on down through the times of [[dinosaur]] decline. The [[father]] of the [[placental]] [[mammals]] was a small, highly [[active]], [[carnivorous]], springing type of dinosaur.

61:1.2 Early in this period and in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the placental type of [[mammals]] suddenly appeared, and they [[constituted]] the most important [[evolutionary]] [[development]] up to this time. Previous orders of nonplacental [[mammals]] had existed, but this new [[type]] sprang directly and suddenly from the pre-existent [[reptilian]] [[ancestor]] whose descendants had [[persisted]] on down through the times of [[dinosaur]] decline. The [[father]] of the [[placental]] [[mammals]] was a small, highly [[active]], [[carnivorous]], springing type of dinosaur.

61:1.3 Basic [[mammalian]] [[instincts]] began to be [[manifested]] in these [[primitive]] mammalian types. [[Mammals]] [[possess]] an immense [[survival]] advantage over all other [[forms]] of [[animal]] life in that they can:

61:1.3 Basic [[mammalian]] [[instincts]] began to be [[manifested]] in these [[primitive]] mammalian types. [[Mammals]] [[possess]] an immense [[survival]] advantage over all other [[forms]] of [[animal]] life in that they can:

*5. ''Apply superior [[intelligence]] to [[environmental]] [[adjustment]] and adaptation.''

*5. ''Apply superior [[intelligence]] to [[environmental]] [[adjustment]] and adaptation.''

61:1.4 45,000,000 years ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continental] backbones were elevated in association with a very general sinking of the coast lines. [[Mammalian]] life was evolving rapidly. A small [[reptilian]], egg-laying type of mammal flourished, and the [[ancestors]] of the later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroos kangaroos] roamed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. Soon there were small [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses], fleet-footed rhinoceroses, tapirs with proboscises, primitive pigs, squirrels, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs], opossums, and several tribes of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkeylike] animals. They were all small, [[primitive]], and best suited to living among the forests of the [[mountain]] regions. A large ostrichlike [[land]] bird developed to a height of ten feet and laid an egg nine by thirteen inches. These were the [[ancestors]] of the later gigantic passenger birds that were so highly [[intelligent]], and that onetime [[transported]] [[human beings]] through the [[air]].

61:1.4 45,000,000 years ago the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continental] backbones were elevated in association with a very general sinking of the coast lines. [[Mammalian]] life was evolving rapidly. A small [[reptilian]], egg-laying type of mammal flourished, and the [[ancestors]] of the later [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroos kangaroos] roamed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. Soon there were small [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses], fleet-footed rhinoceroses, tapirs with proboscises, primitive pigs, squirrels, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs], opossums, and several tribes of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkeylike] animals. They were all small, [[primitive]], and best suited to living among the forests of the [[mountain]] regions. A large ostrichlike [[land]] bird developed to a height of ten feet and laid an egg nine by thirteen inches. These were the [[ancestors]] of the later gigantic passenger birds that were so highly [[intelligent]], and that onetime [[transported]] [[human beings]] through the [[air]].

61:1.5 The [[mammals]] of the early [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] lived on [[land]], under the [[water]], in the [[air]], and among the treetops. They had from one to eleven pairs of mammary glands, and all were covered with considerable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair hair]. In common with the later appearing [[orders]], they developed two successive sets of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth teeth] and possessed large [[brains]] in comparison to [[body]] size. But among them all no modern forms existed.

61:1.5 The [[mammals]] of the early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] lived on [[land]], under the [[water]], in the [[air]], and among the treetops. They had from one to eleven pairs of mammary glands, and all were covered with considerable [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair hair]. In common with the later appearing [[orders]], they developed two successive sets of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth teeth] and possessed large [[brains]] in comparison to [[body]] size. But among them all no modern forms existed.

61:1.6 40,000,000 years ago the [[land]] areas of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemisphere Northern Hemisphere] began to elevate, and this was followed by new extensive [[land]] deposits and other [[terrestrial]] [[activities]], including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava lava] flows, warping, [[lake]] formation, and [[erosion]].

61:1.6 40,000,000 years ago the [[land]] areas of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemisphere Northern Hemisphere] began to elevate, and this was followed by new extensive [[land]] deposits and other [[terrestrial]] [[activities]], including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava lava] flows, warping, [[lake]] formation, and [[erosion]].

61:1.7 During the latter part of this [[epoch]] most of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] was submerged. Following a slight land rise the continent was covered by [[lakes]] and bays. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean Arctic Ocean], through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals Ural] depression, ran south to [[connect]] with the [[Mediterranean]] Sea as it was then expanded northward, the highlands of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains Carpathians], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines Apennines], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees Pyrenees] being up above the [[water]] as islands of the sea. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus of Panama Isthmus of Panama] was up; the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was connected with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] by way of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland]. The [[earth]] circuit of [[land]] in northern latitudes was broken only by the Ural Straits, which connected the arctic seas with the enlarged [[Mediterranean]].

61:1.7 During the latter part of this [[epoch]] most of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] was submerged. Following a slight land rise the continent was covered by [[lakes]] and bays. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean Arctic Ocean], through the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals Ural] depression, ran south to [[connect]] with the [[Mediterranean]] Sea as it was then expanded northward, the highlands of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains Carpathians], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines Apennines], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees Pyrenees] being up above the [[water]] as islands of the sea. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus of Panama Isthmus of Panama] was up; the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was connected with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge and with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] by way of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland]. The [[earth]] circuit of [[land]] in northern latitudes was broken only by the Ural Straits, which connected the arctic seas with the enlarged [[Mediterranean]].

61:1.8 Considerable foraminiferal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone limestone] was deposited in European waters. Today this same stone is elevated to a height of 10,000 feet in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps], 16,000 feet in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas Himalayas], and 20,000 feet in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk chalk] deposits of this period are found along the coasts of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], on the west coast of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], and about the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies West Indies].

61:1.8 Considerable foraminiferal [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone limestone] was deposited in European waters. Today this same stone is elevated to a height of 10,000 feet in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps], 16,000 feet in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas Himalayas], and 20,000 feet in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk chalk] deposits of this period are found along the coasts of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], on the west coast of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], and about the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies West Indies].

61:1.9 Throughout this so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene Eocene] period the [[evolution]] of [[mammalian]] and other related forms of life continued with little or no interruption. North America was then [[connected]] by land with every [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent continent] except [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], and the world was gradually overrun by [[primitive]] mammalian fauna of various types.

61:1.9 Throughout this so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene Eocene] period the [[evolution]] of [[mammalian]] and other related forms of life continued with little or no interruption. North America was then [[connected]] by land with every [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent continent] except [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], and the world was gradually overrun by [[primitive]] mammalian fauna of various types.

==61:2. THE RECENT FLOOD STAGE-THE AGE OF ADVANCED MAMMALS==

==61:2. THE RECENT FLOOD STAGE-THE AGE OF ADVANCED MAMMALS==

61:2.1 This period was characterized by the further and rapid [[evolution]] of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental mammals], the more [[progressive]] forms of mammalian life developing during these times.

61:2.1 This period was characterized by the further and rapid [[evolution]] of [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental mammals], the more [[progressive]] forms of mammalian life developing during these times.

61:2.2 Although the early [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental mammals] sprang from [[carnivorous]] [[ancestors]], very soon herbivorous branches [[developed]], and, erelong, omnivorous mammalian families also sprang up. The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms angiosperms] were the principal [[food]] of the rapidly increasing [[mammals]], the modern land flora, including the [[majority]] of present-day [[plants]] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees], having appeared during earlier periods.

61:2.2 Although the early [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental mammals] sprang from [[carnivorous]] [[ancestors]], very soon herbivorous branches [[developed]], and, erelong, omnivorous mammalian families also sprang up. The [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms angiosperms] were the principal [[food]] of the rapidly increasing [[mammals]], the modern land flora, including the [[majority]] of present-day [[plants]] and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees], having appeared during earlier periods.

61:2.3 35,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of the age of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental-mammalian] world [[domination]]. The southern land bridge was extensive, reconnecting the then enormous  [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica Antarctic continent] with [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa South Africa], and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. In spite of the massing of [[land]] in high latitudes, the world [[climate]] remained [[relatively]] mild because of the enormous increase in the size of the [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics tropic seas], nor was the [[land]] elevated sufficiently to produce [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers]. Extensive lava flows occurred in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland], some coal being deposited between these layers.

61:2.3 35,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of the age of [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria placental-mammalian] world [[domination]]. The southern land bridge was extensive, reconnecting the then enormous  [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica Antarctic continent] with [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa South Africa], and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. In spite of the massing of [[land]] in high latitudes, the world [[climate]] remained [[relatively]] mild because of the enormous increase in the size of the [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics tropic seas], nor was the [[land]] elevated sufficiently to produce [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers]. Extensive lava flows occurred in [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland], some coal being deposited between these layers.

61:2.4 Marked [[changes]] were taking place in the fauna of the [[planet]]. The sea life was undergoing great [[modification]]; most of the present-day [[orders]] of [[marine]] life were in [[existence]], and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifers foraminifers] continued to play an important role. The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects insect] life was much like that of the previous era. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument Florissant fossil beds of Colorado] belong to the later years of these far-distant times. Most of the living [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects insect] [[families]] go back to this period, but many then in [[existence]] are now [[extinct]], though their [[fossils]] remain.

61:2.4 Marked [[changes]] were taking place in the fauna of the [[planet]]. The sea life was undergoing great [[modification]]; most of the present-day [[orders]] of [[marine]] life were in [[existence]], and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifers foraminifers] continued to play an important role. The [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects insect] life was much like that of the previous era. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument Florissant fossil beds of Colorado] belong to the later years of these far-distant times. Most of the living [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects insect] [[families]] go back to this period, but many then in [[existence]] are now [[extinct]], though their [[fossils]] remain.

61:2.5 On [[land]] this was pre-eminently the age of mammalian renovation and expansion. Of the earlier and more [[primitive]] [[mammals]], over one hundred [[species]] were [[extinct]] before this period ended. Even the mammals of large size and small [[brain]] soon perished. [[Brains]] and [[agility]] had replaced [[armor]] and size in the [[progress]] of [[animal]] [[survival]]. And with the [[dinosaur]] [[family]] on the decline, the mammals slowly assumed [[domination]] of the [[earth]], speedily and completely destroying the remainder of their [[reptilian]] [[ancestors]].

61:2.5 On [[land]] this was pre-eminently the age of mammalian renovation and expansion. Of the earlier and more [[primitive]] [[mammals]], over one hundred [[species]] were [[extinct]] before this period ended. Even the mammals of large size and small [[brain]] soon perished. [[Brains]] and [[agility]] had replaced [[armor]] and size in the [[progress]] of [[animal]] [[survival]]. And with the [[dinosaur]] [[family]] on the decline, the mammals slowly assumed [[domination]] of the [[earth]], speedily and completely destroying the remainder of their [[reptilian]] [[ancestors]].

61:2.6 Along with the disappearance of the [[dinosaurs]], other and great [[changes]] occurred in the various branches of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurian saurian] family. The surviving members of the early [[reptilian]] families are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles, together with the venerable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs frog], the only remaining [[group]] [[representative]] of man's earlier [[ancestors]].

61:2.6 Along with the disappearance of the [[dinosaurs]], other and great [[changes]] occurred in the various branches of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurian saurian] family. The surviving members of the early [[reptilian]] families are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles, together with the venerable [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs frog], the only remaining [[group]] [[representative]] of man's earlier [[ancestors]].

61:2.7 Various [[groups]] of [[mammals]] had their [[origin]] in a [[unique]] [[animal]] now [[extinct]]. This [[carnivorous]] creature was something of a cross between a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats cat] and a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals seal]; it could live on [[land]] or in [[water]] and was highly [[intelligent]] and very [[active]]. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] the [[ancestor]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog canine] family evolved, soon giving rise to many [[species]] of small dogs. About the same time the gnawing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents rodents], including beavers, squirrels, gophers, mice, and rabbits, appeared and soon became a notable form of life, very little [[change]] having since occurred in this [[family]]. The later deposits of this period contain the [[fossil]] remains of dogs, cats, coons, and weasels in [[ancestral]] [[form]].

61:2.7 Various [[groups]] of [[mammals]] had their [[origin]] in a [[unique]] [[animal]] now [[extinct]]. This [[carnivorous]] creature was something of a cross between a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats cat] and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals seal]; it could live on [[land]] or in [[water]] and was highly [[intelligent]] and very [[active]]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] the [[ancestor]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog canine] family evolved, soon giving rise to many [[species]] of small dogs. About the same time the gnawing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents rodents], including beavers, squirrels, gophers, mice, and rabbits, appeared and soon became a notable form of life, very little [[change]] having since occurred in this [[family]]. The later deposits of this period contain the [[fossil]] remains of dogs, cats, coons, and weasels in [[ancestral]] [[form]].

61:2.8 30,000,000 years ago the modern [[types]] of mammals began to make their [[appearance]]. Formerly the [[mammals]] had lived for the greater part in the hills, being of the [[mountainous]] types; suddenly there began the [[evolution]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain plains] or hoofed type, the grazing [[species]], as differentiated from the clawed flesh eaters. These grazers sprang from an undifferentiated [[ancestor]] having five toes and forty-four teeth, which perished before the end of the age. Toe [[evolution]] did not progress beyond the three-toed stage throughout this period.

61:2.8 30,000,000 years ago the modern [[types]] of mammals began to make their [[appearance]]. Formerly the [[mammals]] had lived for the greater part in the hills, being of the [[mountainous]] types; suddenly there began the [[evolution]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain plains] or hoofed type, the grazing [[species]], as differentiated from the clawed flesh eaters. These grazers sprang from an undifferentiated [[ancestor]] having five toes and forty-four teeth, which perished before the end of the age. Toe [[evolution]] did not progress beyond the three-toed stage throughout this period.

61:2.9 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse], an outstanding example of [[evolution]], lived during these times in both [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], though his [[development]] was not fully completed until the later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age]. While the rhinoceros family appeared at the close of this period, it underwent its greatest expansion subsequently. A small hoglike creature also developed which became the [[ancestor]] of the many species of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boar swine], peccaries, and hippopotamuses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels Camels] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamas llamas] had their [[origin]] in North America about the middle of this period and overran the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains western plains]. Later, the llamas migrated to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], the camels to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], and soon both were [[extinct]] in North America, though a few camels survived up to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age].

61:2.9 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse], an outstanding example of [[evolution]], lived during these times in both [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], though his [[development]] was not fully completed until the later [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age]. While the rhinoceros family appeared at the close of this period, it underwent its greatest expansion subsequently. A small hoglike creature also developed which became the [[ancestor]] of the many species of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boar swine], peccaries, and hippopotamuses. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels Camels] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamas llamas] had their [[origin]] in North America about the middle of this period and overran the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains western plains]. Later, the llamas migrated to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America], the camels to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], and soon both were [[extinct]] in North America, though a few camels survived up to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age].

61:2.10 About this time a notable thing occurred in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cordillera_%28North_America%29 western North America]: The early [[ancestors]] of the ancient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] first made their [[appearance]]. While this [[family]] cannot be regarded as true lemurs, their coming marked the [[establishment]] of the line from which the true [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] subsequently sprang.

61:2.10 About this time a notable thing occurred in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cordillera_%28North_America%29 western North America]: The early [[ancestors]] of the ancient [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] first made their [[appearance]]. While this [[family]] cannot be regarded as true lemurs, their coming marked the [[establishment]] of the line from which the true [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemurs lemurs] subsequently sprang.

61:2.11 Like the [[land]] serpents of a previous age which betook themselves to the [[seas]], now a whole tribe of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals placental mammals] deserted the [[land]] and took up their residence in the [[oceans]]. And they have ever since remained in the sea, yielding the modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whales whales], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins dolphins], porpoises, seals, and sea lions.

61:2.11 Like the [[land]] serpents of a previous age which betook themselves to the [[seas]], now a whole tribe of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammals placental mammals] deserted the [[land]] and took up their residence in the [[oceans]]. And they have ever since remained in the sea, yielding the modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whales whales], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins dolphins], porpoises, seals, and sea lions.

61:2.12 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds bird life] of the [[planet]] continued to [[develop]], but with few important [[evolutionary]] [[changes]]. The [[majority]] of modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds birds] were existent, including gulls, herons, flamingoes, buzzards, falcons, eagles, owls, quails, and ostriches.

61:2.12 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds bird life] of the [[planet]] continued to [[develop]], but with few important [[evolutionary]] [[changes]]. The [[majority]] of modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds birds] were existent, including gulls, herons, flamingoes, buzzards, falcons, eagles, owls, quails, and ostriches.

61:2.13 By the close of this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen Oligocene] period, covering ten million years, the [[plant]] life, together with the [[marine]] life and the [[land]] [[animals]], had very largely evolved and was present on [[earth]] much as today. Considerable specialization has subsequently appeared, but the [[ancestral]] [[forms]] of most living [[things]] were then alive.

61:2.13 By the close of this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen Oligocene] period, covering ten million years, the [[plant]] life, together with the [[marine]] life and the [[land]] [[animals]], had very largely evolved and was present on [[earth]] much as today. Considerable specialization has subsequently appeared, but the [[ancestral]] [[forms]] of most living [[things]] were then alive.

==61:3. THE MODERN MOUNTAIN STAGE-AGE OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE HORSE==

==61:3. THE MODERN MOUNTAIN STAGE-AGE OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE HORSE==

61:3.1 [[Land]] elevation and [[sea]] [[segregation]] were slowly changing the world's [[weather]], gradually cooling it, but the [[climate]] was still mild. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoias Sequoias] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolias magnolias] grew in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland], but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropic subtropical] [[plants]] were beginning to migrate southward. By the end of this period these warm-[[climate]] [[plants]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees] had largely disappeared from the northern latitudes, their places being taken by more hardy plants and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous deciduous] trees.

61:3.1 [[Land]] elevation and [[sea]] [[segregation]] were slowly changing the world's [[weather]], gradually cooling it, but the [[climate]] was still mild. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoias Sequoias] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolias magnolias] grew in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland], but the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropic subtropical] [[plants]] were beginning to migrate southward. By the end of this period these warm-[[climate]] [[plants]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees trees] had largely disappeared from the northern latitudes, their places being taken by more hardy plants and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous deciduous] trees.

61:3.2 There was a great increase in the varieties of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass grasses], and the teeth of many [[mammalian]] [[species]] gradually altered to [[conform]] to the present-day grazing type.

61:3.2 There was a great increase in the varieties of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass grasses], and the teeth of many [[mammalian]] [[species]] gradually altered to [[conform]] to the present-day grazing type.

61:3.3 25,000,000 years ago there was a slight land submergence following the long [[epoch]] of land elevation. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain Rocky Mountain] region remained highly elevated so that the deposition of [[erosion]] [[material]] continued throughout the lowlands to the east. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras Sierras] were well re-elevated; in [[fact]], they have been rising ever since. The great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault four-mile vertical fault(?)] in the California region dates from this time.

61:3.3 25,000,000 years ago there was a slight land submergence following the long [[epoch]] of land elevation. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain Rocky Mountain] region remained highly elevated so that the deposition of [[erosion]] [[material]] continued throughout the lowlands to the east. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras Sierras] were well re-elevated; in [[fact]], they have been rising ever since. The great [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault four-mile vertical fault(?)] in the California region dates from this time.

61:3.4 20,000,000 years ago was indeed the golden age of [[mammals]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge was up, and many [[groups]] of [[animals]] migrated to North America from Asia, including the four-tusked mastodons, short-legged rhinoceroses, and many varieties of the cat family.

61:3.4 20,000,000 years ago was indeed the golden age of [[mammals]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait Bering Strait] land bridge was up, and many [[groups]] of [[animals]] migrated to North America from Asia, including the four-tusked mastodons, short-legged rhinoceroses, and many varieties of the cat family.

61:3.5 The first [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer deer] appeared, and [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was soon overrun by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant ruminants]—deer, oxen, camels, bison, and several species of rhinoceroses—but the giant pigs, more than six feet tall, became [[extinct]].

61:3.5 The first [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer deer] appeared, and [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was soon overrun by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant ruminants]—deer, oxen, camels, bison, and several species of rhinoceroses—but the giant pigs, more than six feet tall, became [[extinct]].

61:3.6 The huge [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants elephants] of this and subsequent periods [[possessed]] large [[brains]] as well as large [[bodies]], and they soon overran the entire world except [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. For once the world was [[dominated]] by a huge [[animal]] with a [[brain]] sufficiently large to enable it to carry on. Confronted by the highly [[intelligent]] life of these ages, no [[animal]] the size of an elephant could have [[survived]] unless it had possessed a [[brain]] of large size and superior [[quality]]. In [[intelligence]] and [[adaptation]] the elephant is approached only by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] and is surpassed only by [[man]] himself. Even so, of the fifty [[species]] of elephants in [[existence]] at the opening of this period, only [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants#Taxonomy_and_evolution  two] have [[survived]].

61:3.6 The huge [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants elephants] of this and subsequent periods [[possessed]] large [[brains]] as well as large [[bodies]], and they soon overran the entire world except [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. For once the world was [[dominated]] by a huge [[animal]] with a [[brain]] sufficiently large to enable it to carry on. Confronted by the highly [[intelligent]] life of these ages, no [[animal]] the size of an elephant could have [[survived]] unless it had possessed a [[brain]] of large size and superior [[quality]]. In [[intelligence]] and [[adaptation]] the elephant is approached only by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] and is surpassed only by [[man]] himself. Even so, of the fifty [[species]] of elephants in [[existence]] at the opening of this period, only [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants#Taxonomy_and_evolution  two] have [[survived]].

61:3.7 15,000,000 years ago the [[mountain]] regions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia] were rising, and there was some [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes volcanic] activity throughout these regions, but nothing [[comparable]] to the lava flows of the Western Hemisphere. These unsettled conditions prevailed all over the world.

61:3.7 15,000,000 years ago the [[mountain]] regions of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia] were rising, and there was some [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes volcanic] activity throughout these regions, but nothing [[comparable]] to the lava flows of the Western Hemisphere. These unsettled conditions prevailed all over the world.

61:3.8 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar] closed, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain Spain] was [[connected]] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] by the old land bridge, but the [[Mediterranean]] flowed into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic Ocean Atlantic] through a narrow [[channel]] which extended across [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin_%28geology%29 France], the [[mountain]] peaks and highlands appearing as islands above this ancient sea. Later on, these European seas began to withdraw. Still later, the [[Mediterranean]] was connected with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian Ocean Indian Ocean][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscan_orogeny], while at the close of this period the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez Suez] region was elevated so that the [[Mediterranean]] became, for a time, an inland salt sea.

61:3.8 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar] closed, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain Spain] was [[connected]] with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] by the old land bridge, but the [[Mediterranean]] flowed into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic Ocean Atlantic] through a narrow [[channel]] which extended across [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Basin_%28geology%29 France], the [[mountain]] peaks and highlands appearing as islands above this ancient sea. Later on, these European seas began to withdraw. Still later, the [[Mediterranean]] was connected with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian Ocean Indian Ocean][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variscan_orogeny], while at the close of this period the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez Suez] region was elevated so that the [[Mediterranean]] became, for a time, an inland salt sea.

61:3.9 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland] land bridge submerged, and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean arctic waters] commingled with those of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean Atlantic Ocean]. The Atlantic coast of North America rapidly cooled, but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast Pacific coast] remained warmer than at present. The great [[ocean]] currents were in [[function]] and affected [[climate]] much as they do today.

61:3.9 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland] land bridge submerged, and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean arctic waters] commingled with those of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean Atlantic Ocean]. The Atlantic coast of North America rapidly cooled, but the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast Pacific coast] remained warmer than at present. The great [[ocean]] currents were in [[function]] and affected [[climate]] much as they do today.

61:3.10 [[Mammalian]] life continued to evolve. Enormous herds of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses] joined the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels camels] on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains western plains of North America]; this was truly the age of horses as well as of elephants. The horse's [[brain]] is next in [[animal]] [[quality]] to that of the elephant, but in one respect it is decidedly inferior, for the horse never fully overcame the deep-seated [[propensity]] to flee when frightened. The horse lacks the [[emotional]] [[control]] of the elephant, while the elephant is greatly [[handicapped]] by size and lack of [[agility]]. During this period an [[animal]] evolved which was somewhat like both the elephant and the horse, but it was soon destroyed by the rapidly increasing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] family.

61:3.10 [[Mammalian]] life continued to evolve. Enormous herds of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses] joined the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camels camels] on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains western plains of North America]; this was truly the age of horses as well as of elephants. The horse's [[brain]] is next in [[animal]] [[quality]] to that of the elephant, but in one respect it is decidedly inferior, for the horse never fully overcame the deep-seated [[propensity]] to flee when frightened. The horse lacks the [[emotional]] [[control]] of the elephant, while the elephant is greatly [[handicapped]] by size and lack of [[agility]]. During this period an [[animal]] evolved which was somewhat like both the elephant and the horse, but it was soon destroyed by the rapidly increasing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] family.

61:3.11 As [[Urantia]] is entering the so-called "[http://www.horseless.com/ horseless age]," you should pause and [[ponder]] what this [[animal]] meant to your [[ancestors]]. Men first used horses for [[food]], then for [[travel]], and later in [[agriculture]] and [[war]]. The horse has long served [[mankind]] and has played an important part in the [[development]] of [http://books.google.com/books?id=FRFFAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+the+horse&hl=en&ei=VTMtTMfrN8KC8gafpdiAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false human civilization][http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/horses.htm].

61:3.11 As [[Urantia]] is entering the so-called "[https://www.horseless.com/ horseless age]," you should pause and [[ponder]] what this [[animal]] meant to your [[ancestors]]. Men first used horses for [[food]], then for [[travel]], and later in [[agriculture]] and [[war]]. The horse has long served [[mankind]] and has played an important part in the [[development]] of [https://books.google.com/books?id=FRFFAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+the+horse&hl=en&ei=VTMtTMfrN8KC8gafpdiAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false human civilization][https://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/horses.htm].

61:3.12 The [[biologic]] [[developments]] of this period [[contributed]] much toward the setting of the [[stage]] for the subsequent [[appearance]] of [[man]]. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_asia central Asia] the true [[types]] of both the [[primitive]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkey] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla gorilla] evolved, having a common [[ancestor]], now [[extinct]]. But neither of these [[species]] is concerned in the line of living [[beings]] which were, later on, to become the [[ancestors]] of the [[human]] [[race]].

61:3.12 The [[biologic]] [[developments]] of this period [[contributed]] much toward the setting of the [[stage]] for the subsequent [[appearance]] of [[man]]. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_asia central Asia] the true [[types]] of both the [[primitive]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey monkey] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla gorilla] evolved, having a common [[ancestor]], now [[extinct]]. But neither of these [[species]] is concerned in the line of living [[beings]] which were, later on, to become the [[ancestors]] of the [[human]] [[race]].

61:3.13 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog] family was [[represented]] by several [[groups]], notably [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves wolves] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxes foxes]; the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] tribe, by panthers and large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber-toothed_tigers saber-toothed tigers], the latter first evolving in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America]. The modern cat and dog families increased in numbers all over the world. Weasels, martins, otters, and raccoons thrived and developed throughout the northern latitudes.

61:3.13 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog dog] family was [[represented]] by several [[groups]], notably [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves wolves] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxes foxes]; the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] tribe, by panthers and large [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber-toothed_tigers saber-toothed tigers], the latter first evolving in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America]. The modern cat and dog families increased in numbers all over the world. Weasels, martins, otters, and raccoons thrived and developed throughout the northern latitudes.

61:3.14 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds Birds] continued to [[evolve]], though few marked [[changes]] occurred. [[Reptiles]] were similar to modern types—snakes, crocodiles, and turtles.

61:3.14 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds Birds] continued to [[evolve]], though few marked [[changes]] occurred. [[Reptiles]] were similar to modern types—snakes, crocodiles, and turtles.

61:3.15 Thus drew to a close a very [[eventful]] and interesting period of the world's [[history]]. This age of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant elephant] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] is known as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene Miocene].

61:3.15 Thus drew to a close a very [[eventful]] and interesting period of the world's [[history]]. This age of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant elephant] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] is known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene Miocene].

==61:4. THE RECENT CONTINENTAL-ELEVATION STAGE-THE LAST GREAT MAMMALIAN MIGRATION==

==61:4. THE RECENT CONTINENTAL-ELEVATION STAGE-THE LAST GREAT MAMMALIAN MIGRATION==

61:4.1 This is the period of pre-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] land elevation in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia]. The land was greatly altered in [[topography]]. [[Mountain]] ranges were born, [[streams]] changed their [[courses]], and isolated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes volcanoes] broke out all over the world.

61:4.1 This is the period of pre-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] land elevation in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia]. The land was greatly altered in [[topography]]. [[Mountain]] ranges were born, [[streams]] changed their [[courses]], and isolated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes volcanoes] broke out all over the world.

61:4.2 10,000,000 years ago began an age of widespread local [[land]] deposits on the lowlands of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents], but most of these sedimentations were later removed. Much of Europe, at this time, was still under [[water]], including parts of England, Belgium, and France, and the [[Mediterranean]] Sea covered much of northern Africa. In North America extensive depositions were made at the [[mountain]] bases, in [[lakes]], and in the great [[land]] basins. These deposits average only about two hundred feet, are more or less colored, and [[fossils]] are rare. Two great fresh-water [[lakes]] existed in western North America. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras Sierras] were elevating; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Shasta Shasta], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Hood Hood], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Ranier Rainier] were beginning their [[mountain]] [[careers]]. But it was not until the subsequent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] that North America began its creep toward the Atlantic depression.

61:4.2 10,000,000 years ago began an age of widespread local [[land]] deposits on the lowlands of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents], but most of these sedimentations were later removed. Much of Europe, at this time, was still under [[water]], including parts of England, Belgium, and France, and the [[Mediterranean]] Sea covered much of northern Africa. In North America extensive depositions were made at the [[mountain]] bases, in [[lakes]], and in the great [[land]] basins. These deposits average only about two hundred feet, are more or less colored, and [[fossils]] are rare. Two great fresh-water [[lakes]] existed in western North America. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierras Sierras] were elevating; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Shasta Shasta], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Hood Hood], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Ranier Rainier] were beginning their [[mountain]] [[careers]]. But it was not until the subsequent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] that North America began its creep toward the Atlantic depression.

61:4.3 For a short time all the [[land]] of the world was again joined excepting [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], and the last great world-wide [[animal]] migration took place. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was connected with both [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia], and there was a free exchange of [[animal]] life. Asiatic sloths, armadillos, antelopes, and bears entered North America, while North American camels went to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China China]. Rhinoceroses migrated over the whole world except Australia and South America, but they were [[extinct]] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemisphere] by the close of this period.

61:4.3 For a short time all the [[land]] of the world was again joined excepting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia], and the last great world-wide [[animal]] migration took place. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] was connected with both [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia], and there was a free exchange of [[animal]] life. Asiatic sloths, armadillos, antelopes, and bears entered North America, while North American camels went to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China China]. Rhinoceroses migrated over the whole world except Australia and South America, but they were [[extinct]] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemisphere] by the close of this period.

61:4.4 In general, the life of the preceding period continued to [[evolve]] and spread. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] family [[dominated]] the [[animal]] life, and [[marine]] life was almost at a standstill. Many of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses] were still three-toed, but the modern types were arriving; llamas and giraffelike camels mingled with the horses on the grazing plains. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe giraffe] appeared in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa], having just as long a neck then as now. In South America sloths, armadillos, anteaters, and the South American type of primitive [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys monkeys] evolved. Before the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents] were finally [[isolated]], those massive [[animals]], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodons mastodons], migrated everywhere except to Australia.

61:4.4 In general, the life of the preceding period continued to [[evolve]] and spread. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat cat] family [[dominated]] the [[animal]] life, and [[marine]] life was almost at a standstill. Many of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses horses] were still three-toed, but the modern types were arriving; llamas and giraffelike camels mingled with the horses on the grazing plains. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe giraffe] appeared in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa], having just as long a neck then as now. In South America sloths, armadillos, anteaters, and the South American type of primitive [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys monkeys] evolved. Before the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continents] were finally [[isolated]], those massive [[animals]], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodons mastodons], migrated everywhere except to Australia.

61:4.5 5,000,000 years ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] evolved as it now is and from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] migrated to all the world. But the horse had become [[extinct]] on the continent of its origin long before the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] arrived.

61:4.5 5,000,000 years ago the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse horse] evolved as it now is and from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] migrated to all the world. But the horse had become [[extinct]] on the continent of its origin long before the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] arrived.

61:4.6 The [[climate]] was [[gradually]] getting cooler; the [[land]] [[plants]] were slowly moving southward. At first it was the increasing cold in the north that stopped [[animal]] migrations over the northern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmuses isthmuses]; subsequently these North American land bridges went down. Soon afterwards the [[land]] [[connection]] between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America] finally submerged, and the Western Hemisphere was isolated much as it is today. From this time forward [[Different|distinct]] [[types]] of life began to [[develop]] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere Eastern] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemispheres].

61:4.6 The [[climate]] was [[gradually]] getting cooler; the [[land]] [[plants]] were slowly moving southward. At first it was the increasing cold in the north that stopped [[animal]] migrations over the northern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmuses isthmuses]; subsequently these North American land bridges went down. Soon afterwards the [[land]] [[connection]] between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America] finally submerged, and the Western Hemisphere was isolated much as it is today. From this time forward [[Different|distinct]] [[types]] of life began to [[develop]] in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere Eastern] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemispheres].

61:4.7 And thus does this period of almost ten million years' duration draw to a close, and not yet has the [[ancestor]] of [[man]] appeared. This is the time usually designated as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene Pliocene].

61:4.7 And thus does this period of almost ten million years' duration draw to a close, and not yet has the [[ancestor]] of [[man]] appeared. This is the time usually designated as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene Pliocene].

==61:5. THE EARLY ICE AGE==     

==61:5. THE EARLY ICE AGE==     

61:5.1 By the close of the preceding period the [[lands]] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_United_States northeastern part of North America] and of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe northern Europe] were highly elevated on an extensive [[scale]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] vast areas rising up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild [[climates]] had formerly prevailed over these northern regions, and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean arctic waters] were all open to [[evaporation]], and they continued to be ice-free until almost the close of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glacial] period.

61:5.1 By the close of the preceding period the [[lands]] of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_United_States northeastern part of North America] and of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe northern Europe] were highly elevated on an extensive [[scale]], in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] vast areas rising up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild [[climates]] had formerly prevailed over these northern regions, and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean arctic waters] were all open to [[evaporation]], and they continued to be ice-free until almost the close of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glacial] period.

61:5.2 [[Simultaneously]] with these [[land]] elevations the [[ocean]] currents shifted, and the seasonal winds changed their direction. These conditions [[eventually]] produced an almost constant [[precipitation]] of moisture from the movement of the heavily [[saturated]] [[atmosphere]] over the northern highlands. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow Snow] began to fall on these elevated and therefore cool regions, and it continued to fall until it had [[attained]] a depth of 20,000 feet. The areas of the greatest depth of snow, together with altitude, determined the central points of subsequent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[pressure]] [[flows]]. And the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] [[persisted]] just as long as this excessive [[precipitation]] continued to cover these northern highlands with this enormous mantle of snow, which soon [[metamorphosed]] into [[solid]] but creeping ice.

61:5.2 [[Simultaneously]] with these [[land]] elevations the [[ocean]] currents shifted, and the seasonal winds changed their direction. These conditions [[eventually]] produced an almost constant [[precipitation]] of moisture from the movement of the heavily [[saturated]] [[atmosphere]] over the northern highlands. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow Snow] began to fall on these elevated and therefore cool regions, and it continued to fall until it had [[attained]] a depth of 20,000 feet. The areas of the greatest depth of snow, together with altitude, determined the central points of subsequent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[pressure]] [[flows]]. And the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] [[persisted]] just as long as this excessive [[precipitation]] continued to cover these northern highlands with this enormous mantle of snow, which soon [[metamorphosed]] into [[solid]] but creeping ice.

61:5.3 The great ice sheets of this period were all located on elevated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands highlands], not in [[mountainous]] regions where they are found today. One half of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] ice was in North America[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America], one fourth in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia], and one fourth elsewhere, chiefly in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica Antarctica]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] was little affected by the ice, but [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia] was almost covered with the antarctic ice blanket.

61:5.3 The great ice sheets of this period were all located on elevated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands highlands], not in [[mountainous]] regions where they are found today. One half of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] ice was in North America[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America], one fourth in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia], and one fourth elsewhere, chiefly in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica Antarctica]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] was little affected by the ice, but [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia] was almost covered with the antarctic ice blanket.

61:5.4 The northern regions of this world have experienced [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages six separate and distinct ice invasions], although there were scores of advances and recessions associated with the [[activity]] of each individual [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet ice sheet]. The ice in North America collected in two and, later, three [[centers]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] was covered, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland] was completely buried beneath the ice flow. In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] the ice at various times covered the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles British Isles] excepting the coast of southern England[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages], and it overspread western Europe down to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France France].

61:5.4 The northern regions of this world have experienced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages six separate and distinct ice invasions], although there were scores of advances and recessions associated with the [[activity]] of each individual [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet ice sheet]. The ice in North America collected in two and, later, three [[centers]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] was covered, and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Iceland] was completely buried beneath the ice flow. In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] the ice at various times covered the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles British Isles] excepting the coast of southern England[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages], and it overspread western Europe down to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France France].

61:5.5 2,000,000 years ago the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America North American glacier] started its southern advance. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] was now in the making, and this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] consumed nearly one million years in its advance from, and retreat back toward, the northern [[pressure]] [[centers]]. The central ice sheet extended south as far as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas]; the eastern and western ice centers were not then so extensive.

61:5.5 2,000,000 years ago the first [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America North American glacier] started its southern advance. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] was now in the making, and this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] consumed nearly one million years in its advance from, and retreat back toward, the northern [[pressure]] [[centers]]. The central ice sheet extended south as far as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas]; the eastern and western ice centers were not then so extensive.

61:5.6 1,500,000 years ago the first great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was retreating northward. In the meantime, enormous [[quantities]] of snow had been falling on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_United_States northeastern part of North America], and erelong this eastern ice mass began to flow southward. This was the second invasion of the ice.

61:5.6 1,500,000 years ago the first great [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was retreating northward. In the meantime, enormous [[quantities]] of snow had been falling on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland Greenland] and on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_United_States northeastern part of North America], and erelong this eastern ice mass began to flow southward. This was the second invasion of the ice.

61:5.7 These first two ice invasions were not extensive in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia]. During these early [[epochs]] of the ice age North America was overrun with mastodons, woolly mammoths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bison, ground sloths, giant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as elephants, and many groups of the cat and dog families. But from this time forward they were rapidly reduced in numbers by the increasing cold of the glacial period. Toward the close of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] the [[majority]] of these [[animal]] [[species]] were [[extinct]] in North America.

61:5.7 These first two ice invasions were not extensive in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia Eurasia]. During these early [[epochs]] of the ice age North America was overrun with mastodons, woolly mammoths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bison, ground sloths, giant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as elephants, and many groups of the cat and dog families. But from this time forward they were rapidly reduced in numbers by the increasing cold of the glacial period. Toward the close of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age ice age] the [[majority]] of these [[animal]] [[species]] were [[extinct]] in North America.

61:5.8 Away from the ice the [[land]] and [[water]] life of the world was little [[changed]]. Between the ice invasions the [[climate]] was about as mild as at present, perhaps a little warmer. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers] were, after all, local [[phenomena]], though they spread out to cover enormous areas. The coastwise [[climate]] varied greatly between the times of glacial inaction and those times when enormous icebergs were sliding off the coast of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine Maine] into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean Atlantic], slipping out through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound Puget Sound] into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean Pacific], and thundering down [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway Norwegian] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiords fiords] into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea North Sea].

61:5.8 Away from the ice the [[land]] and [[water]] life of the world was little [[changed]]. Between the ice invasions the [[climate]] was about as mild as at present, perhaps a little warmer. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers] were, after all, local [[phenomena]], though they spread out to cover enormous areas. The coastwise [[climate]] varied greatly between the times of glacial inaction and those times when enormous icebergs were sliding off the coast of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine Maine] into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean Atlantic], slipping out through [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound Puget Sound] into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean Pacific], and thundering down [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway Norwegian] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiords fiords] into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea North Sea].

==61:6. PRIMITIVE MAN IN THE ICE AGE==

==61:6. PRIMITIVE MAN IN THE ICE AGE==

61:6.1 The great [[event]] of this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glacial] period was the [[evolution]] of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man]. Slightly to the west of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India], on [[land]] now under [[water]] and among the [[offspring]] of Asiatic migrants of the older North American [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:1._THE_EARLY_LEMUR_TYPES lemur types], the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals] suddenly appeared. These small [[animals]] walked mostly on their hind legs, and they [[possessed]] large [[brains]] in [[proportion]] to their size and in [[comparison]] with the brains of other [[animals]]. In the seventieth [[generation]] of this order of life a new and higher [[group]] of animals suddenly [[differentiated]]. These new [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammals]—almost twice the size and height of their [[ancestors]] and [[possessing]] [[proportionately]] increased [[brain]] [[power]]—had only well [[established]] themselves when the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:4._THE_PRIMATES Primates], the third vital mutation, suddenly appeared. (At this same time, a [[retrograde]] [[development]] within the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal] stock gave [[origin]] to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simians simian] [[ancestry]]; and from that day to this the [[human]] branch has gone forward by [[progressive]] [[evolution]], while the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simians simian] tribes have remained stationary or have actually retrogressed.)

61:6.1 The great [[event]] of this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glacial] period was the [[evolution]] of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man]. Slightly to the west of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India], on [[land]] now under [[water]] and among the [[offspring]] of Asiatic migrants of the older North American [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:1._THE_EARLY_LEMUR_TYPES lemur types], the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:2._THE_DAWN_MAMMALS dawn mammals] suddenly appeared. These small [[animals]] walked mostly on their hind legs, and they [[possessed]] large [[brains]] in [[proportion]] to their size and in [[comparison]] with the brains of other [[animals]]. In the seventieth [[generation]] of this order of life a new and higher [[group]] of animals suddenly [[differentiated]]. These new [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammals]—almost twice the size and height of their [[ancestors]] and [[possessing]] [[proportionately]] increased [[brain]] [[power]]—had only well [[established]] themselves when the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:4._THE_PRIMATES Primates], the third vital mutation, suddenly appeared. (At this same time, a [[retrograde]] [[development]] within the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:3._THE_MID-MAMMALS mid-mammal] stock gave [[origin]] to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simians simian] [[ancestry]]; and from that day to this the [[human]] branch has gone forward by [[progressive]] [[evolution]], while the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simians simian] tribes have remained stationary or have actually retrogressed.)

61:6.2 1,000,000 years ago [[Urantia]] was registered as an [[inhabited world]]. A mutation within the stock of the progressing [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:4._THE_PRIMATES Primates] suddenly produced [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:5._THE_FIRST_HUMAN_BEINGS two primitive human beings], the actual [[ancestors]] of [[mankind]].

61:6.2 1,000,000 years ago [[Urantia]] was registered as an [[inhabited world]]. A mutation within the stock of the progressing [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:4._THE_PRIMATES Primates] suddenly produced [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_62#62:5._THE_FIRST_HUMAN_BEINGS two primitive human beings], the actual [[ancestors]] of [[mankind]].

61:6.3 This [[event]] occurred at about the time of the beginning of the third [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages glacial advance]; thus it may be seen that your early [[ancestors]] were born and bred in a stimulating, invigorating, and [[difficult]] [[environment]]. And the sole [[survivors]] of these [[Urantia]] [[aborigines]], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos Eskimos], even now prefer to dwell in frigid northern climes.

61:6.3 This [[event]] occurred at about the time of the beginning of the third [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages glacial advance]; thus it may be seen that your early [[ancestors]] were born and bred in a stimulating, invigorating, and [[difficult]] [[environment]]. And the sole [[survivors]] of these [[Urantia]] [[aborigines]], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos Eskimos], even now prefer to dwell in frigid northern climes.

61:6.4 [[Human beings]] were not present in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemisphere] until near the close of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age]. But during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacials_and_interglacials interglacial epochs] they passed westward around the [[Mediterranean]] and soon overran the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continent] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe]. In the [[caves]] of western Europe may be found [[human]] bones mingled with the remains of both [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics tropic] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic arctic] animals, testifying that man lived in these regions throughout the later [[epochs]] of the advancing and retreating [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers].

61:6.4 [[Human beings]] were not present in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere Western Hemisphere] until near the close of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age]. But during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacials_and_interglacials interglacial epochs] they passed westward around the [[Mediterranean]] and soon overran the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents continent] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe]. In the [[caves]] of western Europe may be found [[human]] bones mingled with the remains of both [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics tropic] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic arctic] animals, testifying that man lived in these regions throughout the later [[epochs]] of the advancing and retreating [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers glaciers].

==61:7. THE CONTINUING ICE AGE==

==61:7. THE CONTINUING ICE AGE==

61:7.1 Throughout the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial] period other [[activities]] were in [[progress]], but the [[action]] of the ice overshadows all other [[phenomena]] in the northern latitudes. No other [[terrestrial]] [[activity]] leaves such characteristic [[evidence]] on the [[topography]]. The distinctive boulders and [[surface]] cleavages, such as potholes, [[lakes]], displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in [[connection]] with no other [[phenomenon]] in [[nature]]. The ice is also [[responsible]] for those gentle swells, or [[surface]] undulations, known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlins drumlins]. And a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], as it advances, displaces [[rivers]] and changes the whole [[Surface|face]] of the [[earth]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers Glaciers] alone leave behind them those telltale drifts—the ground, lateral, and terminal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine moraines]. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and are found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberia].

61:7.1 Throughout the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial] period other [[activities]] were in [[progress]], but the [[action]] of the ice overshadows all other [[phenomena]] in the northern latitudes. No other [[terrestrial]] [[activity]] leaves such characteristic [[evidence]] on the [[topography]]. The distinctive boulders and [[surface]] cleavages, such as potholes, [[lakes]], displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in [[connection]] with no other [[phenomenon]] in [[nature]]. The ice is also [[responsible]] for those gentle swells, or [[surface]] undulations, known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlins drumlins]. And a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], as it advances, displaces [[rivers]] and changes the whole [[Surface|face]] of the [[earth]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers Glaciers] alone leave behind them those telltale drifts—the ground, lateral, and terminal [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine moraines]. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and are found in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberia].

61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois], displacing the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi River] fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River Ohio River] and central [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania].

61:7.2 750,000 years ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height it reached to southern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois], displacing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi River] fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River Ohio River] and central [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania].

61:7.3 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberian] ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps].

61:7.3 In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia Asia] the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia Siberian] ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps].

61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new [[development]] accelerated the [[course]] of [[human]] [[evolution]]. Suddenly and in one [[generation]] the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 six colored races] mutated from the [[aboriginal]] [[human]] stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the [[Planetary Prince]].

61:7.4 500,000 years ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new [[development]] accelerated the [[course]] of [[human]] [[evolution]]. Suddenly and in one [[generation]] the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64 six colored races] mutated from the [[aboriginal]] [[human]] stock. This is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the [[Planetary Prince]].

61:7.5 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the advancing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers]. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_valley St. Lawrence valley], and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the State of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa Iowa]. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one.

61:7.5 In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] the advancing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by all three ice centers]. The eastern lobe, however, extended only a short distance below the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_valley St. Lawrence valley], and the western ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached south to cover most of the State of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa Iowa]. In Europe this invasion of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one.

61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields.

61:7.6 250,000 years ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields.

61:7.7 In this invasion the three great [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western [[mountains]] [[participated]] in this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[activity]]. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its [[pressure]] [[centers]], and North America [[experienced]] its lowest [[temperatures]].

61:7.7 In this invasion the three great [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] coalesced into one vast ice mass, and all of the western [[mountains]] [[participated]] in this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacial] [[activity]]. This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its [[pressure]] [[centers]], and North America [[experienced]] its lowest [[temperatures]].

61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], there occurred an [[episode]] which had much to do with the [[Course|march]] of [[events]] on [[Urantia]]—the [[Lucifer rebellion]].

61:7.8 200,000 years ago, during the advance of the last [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], there occurred an [[episode]] which had much to do with the [[Course|march]] of [[events]] on [[Urantia]]—the [[Lucifer rebellion]].

61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheet] crossing just over the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canadian] border; the central coming down into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri Missouri], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois]; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio].

61:7.9 150,000 years ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern extension, the western [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheet] crossing just over the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canadian] border; the central coming down into [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas Kansas], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri Missouri], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois Illinois]; the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania Pennsylvania] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio Ohio].

61:7.10 This is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day [[lakes]], great and small. During its retreat the North American system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] was produced. And [[Urantia]]n [[geologists]] have very accurately deduced the various [[stages]] of this [[development]] and have correctly surmised that these bodies of [[water]] did, at different times, empty first into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi valley], then eastward into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_river Hudson valley], and finally by a northern route into the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River St. Lawrence]. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] system began to empty out over the present [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment Niagara route].

61:7.10 This is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved out the present-day [[lakes]], great and small. During its retreat the North American system of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] was produced. And [[Urantia]]n [[geologists]] have very accurately deduced the various [[stages]] of this [[development]] and have correctly surmised that these bodies of [[water]] did, at different times, empty first into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_river Mississippi valley], then eastward into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_river Hudson valley], and finally by a northern route into the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River St. Lawrence]. It is thirty-seven thousand years since the connected [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes Great Lakes] system began to empty out over the present [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment Niagara route].

61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], the vast polar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] began to [[form]], and the [[center]] of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of [[future]] land elevations or [[modification]] of [[ocean]] currents.

61:7.11 100,000 years ago, during the retreat of the last [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier], the vast polar [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheets ice sheets] began to [[form]], and the [[center]] of ice accumulation moved considerably northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur, regardless of [[future]] land elevations or [[modification]] of [[ocean]] currents.

61:7.12 This last [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zones temperate regions] have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.

61:7.12 This last [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier] was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like span of time to complete its northern retreat. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zones temperate regions] have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.

61:7.13 The rigorous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial period] destroyed many [[species]] and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro [[migration]] which was made [[necessary]] by the advancing and retreating ice. Those [[animals]] which followed the glaciers back and forth over the [[land]] were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon.

61:7.13 The rigorous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age glacial period] destroyed many [[species]] and radically changed numerous others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro [[migration]] which was made [[necessary]] by the advancing and retreating ice. Those [[animals]] which followed the glaciers back and forth over the [[land]] were the bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon.

61:7.14 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth mammoth] sought the open prairies, but the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon mastodon] preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico Mexico] to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada]; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until [[Annihilation|exterminated]] by the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] much as the white man later killed off the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison].

61:7.14 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth mammoth] sought the open prairies, but the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon mastodon] preferred the sheltered fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico Mexico] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada]; the Siberian variety became wool covered. The mastodon persisted in North America until [[Annihilation|exterminated]] by the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA red man] much as the white man later killed off the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison bison].

61:7.15 In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America last glaciation], the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became [[extinct]]. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America].

61:7.15 In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America], during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Glacial_stages_in_North_America last glaciation], the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed tiger became [[extinct]]. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water hogs came up from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America South America].

61:7.16 The enforced [[migration]] of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of [[plants]] and of [[animals]], and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic [[species]] of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain [[mountain]] peaks, whither they had [[journey]]ed to [[escape]] destruction by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier]. And so, today, these dislocated [[plants]] and [[animals]] may be found high up on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps] of Europe and even on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applachian_Mountains Appalachian Mountains] of North America.

61:7.16 The enforced [[migration]] of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary commingling of [[plants]] and of [[animals]], and with the retreat of the final ice invasion, many arctic [[species]] of both plants and animals were left stranded high upon certain [[mountain]] peaks, whither they had [[journey]]ed to [[escape]] destruction by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier glacier]. And so, today, these dislocated [[plants]] and [[animals]] may be found high up on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Alps] of Europe and even on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applachian_Mountains Appalachian Mountains] of North America.

61:7.17 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] is the last completed [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period], the so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene Pleistocene], over two million years in length.

61:7.17 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice age] is the last completed [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period], the so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene Pleistocene], over two million years in length.

61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age great ice age] excepting in the polar regions of the [[planet]]. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a [[Material Son and Daughter]] and the beginning of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:3._POST-ADAMIC_MAN Adamic dispensation], roughly corresponding to the beginning of the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene Holocene] or postglacial period.

61:7.18 35,000 years ago marks the termination of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age great ice age] excepting in the polar regions of the [[planet]]. This date is also significant in that it approximates the arrival of a [[Material Son and Daughter]] and the beginning of the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:3._POST-ADAMIC_MAN Adamic dispensation], roughly corresponding to the beginning of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene Holocene] or postglacial period.

61:7.19 This [[narrative]], extending from the rise of [[mammalian]] life to the retreat of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice] and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last—the current—[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period] and is known to your [[researchers]] as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] or recent-times era.

61:7.19 This [[narrative]], extending from the rise of [[mammalian]] life to the retreat of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age ice] and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty million years. This is the last—the current—[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Geologic_timescale geologic period] and is known to your [[researchers]] as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic Cenozoic] or recent-times era.

61:7.20 Sponsored by a Resident [[Life Carrier]].

61:7.20 Sponsored by a Resident [[Life Carrier]].