Changes

==Etymology==

==Etymology==

[[Greek]], [[suffering]], [[experience]], [[emotion]], from paschein  (aor. pathein) to experience, suffer; perhaps akin to Lithuanian kęsti to suffer

[[Greek]], [[suffering]], [[experience]], [[emotion]], from paschein  (aor. pathein) to experience, suffer; perhaps akin to Lithuanian kęsti to suffer

*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Century 1591]

*Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Century 1591]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1 : an element in [[experience]] or in artistic [[representation]] evoking pity or [[compassion]]

*1 : an element in [[experience]] or in artistic [[representation]] evoking pity or [[compassion]]

*2 : an [[emotion]] of [[sympathetic]] pity

*2 : an [[emotion]] of [[sympathetic]] pity

==Description==

==Description==

'''Pathos''' (pronounced /ˈpeɪθɒs/; [[Greek]]: πάθος, for 'suffering' or '[[experience]]') represents an appeal to the [[audience]]'s [[emotions]]. Pathos is a [[communication]] [[technique]] used most often in [[rhetoric]]  (where it is considered one of the three modes of [[persuasion]], alongside [[ethos]] and [[logos]]), and in [[literature]], [[film]] and other [[narrative]] art. It is not to be confused with '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathos bathos]' (βάθος), which is an attempt to [[perform]] in a serious, [[dramatic]] [[fashion]] that fails and ends up becoming comedy. Within [[literature]] and [[film]], pathetic occurrences in a plot are not to be confused with [[tragic]] occurrences. In a [[tragedy]], the character brings about his or her own demise, whereas those invoking pathos often occur to [[innocent]] [[characters]], invoking unmerited [[grief]].

'''Pathos''' (pronounced /ˈpeɪθɒs/; [[Greek]]: πάθος, for 'suffering' or '[[experience]]') represents an appeal to the [[audience]]'s [[emotions]]. Pathos is a [[communication]] [[technique]] used most often in [[rhetoric]]  (where it is considered one of the three modes of [[persuasion]], alongside [[ethos]] and [[logos]]), and in [[literature]], [[film]] and other [[narrative]] art. It is not to be confused with '[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathos bathos]' (βάθος), which is an attempt to [[perform]] in a serious, [[dramatic]] [[fashion]] that fails and ends up becoming comedy. Within [[literature]] and [[film]], pathetic occurrences in a plot are not to be confused with [[tragic]] occurrences. In a [[tragedy]], the character brings about his or her own demise, whereas those invoking pathos often occur to [[innocent]] [[characters]], invoking unmerited [[grief]].

[[Emotional]] appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways:

[[Emotional]] appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways:

Pathos is often associated with [[emotional]] appeal. But a better [[equivalent]] might be appeal to the [[audience]]'s [[sympathies]] and [[imagination]]. An appeal to pathos causes an [[audience]] not just to respond [[emotionally]] but to identify with the [[writer]]'s [[point of view]] - to feel what the writer feels. In this sense, pathos evokes a [[meaning]] implicit in the verb 'to suffer' - to feel [[pain]] [[imaginatively]]. Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through [[narrative]] or story, which can turn the [[abstractions]] of [[logic]] into something palpable and [[present]]. The [[values]], [[beliefs]], and [[understandings]] of the [[writer]] are implicit in the [[story]] and conveyed [[imaginatively]] to the [[reader]]. Pathos thus refers to both the [[emotional]] and the [[imaginative]] impact of the message on an [[audience]], the [[power]] with which the writer's [[message]] moves the [[audience]] to [[decision]] or [[action]].

Pathos is often associated with [[emotional]] appeal. But a better [[equivalent]] might be appeal to the [[audience]]'s [[sympathies]] and [[imagination]]. An appeal to pathos causes an [[audience]] not just to respond [[emotionally]] but to identify with the [[writer]]'s [[point of view]] - to feel what the writer feels. In this sense, pathos evokes a [[meaning]] implicit in the verb 'to suffer' - to feel [[pain]] [[imaginatively]]. Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through [[narrative]] or story, which can turn the [[abstractions]] of [[logic]] into something palpable and [[present]]. The [[values]], [[beliefs]], and [[understandings]] of the [[writer]] are implicit in the [[story]] and conveyed [[imaginatively]] to the [[reader]]. Pathos thus refers to both the [[emotional]] and the [[imaginative]] impact of the message on an [[audience]], the [[power]] with which the writer's [[message]] moves the [[audience]] to [[decision]] or [[action]].

*Sublime pathos

*Sublime pathos

In the many works of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller Friedrich Schiller], "Sublime Pathos" (German, das Pathetisch-Erhabene) appears as a privileged [[aesthetic]] [[concept]]. According to Schiller, sublime pathos in the [[context]] of art [[demonstrates]] human [[freedom]] and triumph in the struggle against [[suffering]]. As such, pathos no longer refers to [[suffering]] itself, but rather an effect produced by overcoming suffering. Generally, Schiller links the [[experience]] of suffering to "grand [[ideas]]" - such as the idea of [[freedom]]; in this sense, pathos reminds one of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton Milton]'s [[Satan]], when he cries out: "Hail, [[horrors]], I greet thee!". Schiller's description of pathos continues to [[influence]] the use of the word today, in which such triumphant overcoming of suffering and other [[negative]] situations is seen as [[representing]] pathos. In modern [[cinema]] in particular, pathos can be found in many forms, such as in the film renditions of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings Lord of the Rings] directed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson Peter Jackson].

In the many works of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller Friedrich Schiller], "Sublime Pathos" (German, das Pathetisch-Erhabene) appears as a privileged [[aesthetic]] [[concept]]. According to Schiller, sublime pathos in the [[context]] of art [[demonstrates]] human [[freedom]] and triumph in the struggle against [[suffering]]. As such, pathos no longer refers to [[suffering]] itself, but rather an effect produced by overcoming suffering. Generally, Schiller links the [[experience]] of suffering to "grand [[ideas]]" - such as the idea of [[freedom]]; in this sense, pathos reminds one of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton Milton]'s [[Satan]], when he cries out: "Hail, [[horrors]], I greet thee!". Schiller's description of pathos continues to [[influence]] the use of the word today, in which such triumphant overcoming of suffering and other [[negative]] situations is seen as [[representing]] pathos. In modern [[cinema]] in particular, pathos can be found in many forms, such as in the film renditions of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings Lord of the Rings] directed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson Peter Jackson].

==See also==

==See also==

*'''''[[Bathos]]'''''

*'''''[[Bathos]]'''''

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]

[[Category: Languages and Literature]]