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| | <blockquote>"It is certainly not the least charm of a theory that it is refutable; it is precisely thereby that it attracts the more subtle minds."[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/bygdv10.txt]</blockquote> | | <blockquote>"It is certainly not the least charm of a theory that it is refutable; it is precisely thereby that it attracts the more subtle minds."[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/bygdv10.txt]</blockquote> |
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | # answers.com
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| − | # Immanuel Kant (1781) Critique of Pure Reason, for example in A254/B310,P362 (Guyer and Wood), "The concept of a noumenon, i.e., of a thing that is not to be thought of as an object of the senses but rather as a thing in itself [...]"; But note that the terms are not used interchangeably throughout. The first reference to thing-in-itself comes many pages (A30) before the first to noumenon (A250). For a secondary or tertiary source, see: "Noumenon" in Encyclopedia Britannica [1]
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| − | # The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, 1967, 1996) Volume 4, "Kant, Immanuel", section on "Critique of Pure Reason: Theme and Preliminaries", p308 ff.
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| − | # The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, 1967, 1996) Volume 4, "Kant, Immanuel", section on "Transcendental Aesthetic", p310 ff.
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| − | # The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, 1967, 1996) Volume 4, "Kant, Immanuel", section on "Pure Concepts of the Understanding", p311 ff.
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| − | # See, e.g., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, 1967, 1996) Volume 4, "Kant, Immanuel", section on "Critique of Pure Reason: Theme and Preliminaries", p308 ff.
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| − | # See also, e.g., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Macmillan, 1967, 1996) Volume 4, "Kant, Immanuel", section on "Pure Concepts of the Understanding", p311 ff.
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A256/B312,P27
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| − | # "Noumenon: the name given to a thing when it is viewed as a transcendent object. The term 'negative noumenon' refers only to the recognition of something which is not an object of sensible intuition, while 'positive noumenon' refers to the (quite mistaken) attempt to know such a thing as an empirical object. These two terms are sometimes used loosely as synonyms for 'transcendental object' and 'thing in itself', respectively. (Cf. phenomenon.)" - Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms
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| − | # Thing in itself: an object considered transcendentally apart from all the conditions under which a subject can gain knowledge of it. Hence the thing in itself is, by definition, unknowable. Sometimes used loosely as a synonym of noumenon. (Cf. appearance.)" - Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms. Palmquist defends his definitions of these terms in his article, "Six Perspectives on the Object in Kant's Theory of Knowledge", Dialectica 40:2 (1986), pp.121-151; revised and reprinted as Chapter VI in Palmquist's book, Kant's System of Perspectives (Lanham: University Press of America, 1993).
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| − | # Oizerman, T. I., “Kant's Doctrine of the "Things in Themselves" and Noumena”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, Mar., 1981, 333-350.
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| − | # "Other interpreters have introduced an almost unending stream of varying suggestions as to how these terms ought to be used. A handful of examples will be sufficient to make this point clear, without any claim to represent an exhaustive overview. Perhaps the most commonly accepted view is expressed by Paulsen, who equates 'thing in itself' and 'noumenon', equates 'appearance' and 'phenomenon', distinguishes 'positive noumenon' and 'negative noumenon', and treats 'negative noumenon' as equivalent to 'transcendental object' [P4:148-50,154-5,192]. Al-Azm and Wolff also seem satisfied to equate 'phenomenon' and 'appearance', though they both carefully distinguish 'thing in itself' from 'negative noumenon' and 'positive noumenon' [A4:520; W21:165, 313-5; s.a. W9:162]. Gotterbarn similarly equates the former pair, as well as 'thing in itself' and 'positive noumenon', but distinguishes between 'transcendental object', 'negative noumenon' and 'thing in itself' [G11: 201]. By contrast, Bird and George both distinguish between 'appearance' and 'phenomenon', but not between 'thing in itself' and 'noumenon' [B20:18,19, 53-7; G7:513-4n]; and Bird sometimes blurs the distinction between 'thing in itself' and 'transcendental object' as well.[2] Gram equates 'thing in itself' not with 'noumenon', but with 'phenomenon' [G13:1,5-6]! Allison cites different official meanings for each term, yet he tends to equate 'thing in itself' at times with 'negative noumenon' and at times with 'transcendental object', usually ignoring the role of the 'positive noumenon' [A7:94; A10:58,69]. And Buchdahl responds to the fact that the thing in itself seems to be connected in some way with each of the other object-terms by regarding it as 'Kant's umbrella term'.[3]" Stephen Palmquist on Kan't object terms
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason Bxxvi-xxvii.
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A256,B312,p273(NKS)
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| − | # "The Radical Unknowability of Kant's 'Thing in Itself'", Cogito 3:2 (March 1985), pp.101-115; revised and reprinted as Appendix V in Stephen Palmquist, Kant's System of Perspectives (Lanham: University Press of America, 1993).
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| − | # Mattey, G.J
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A250/B307,P267(NKS)
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A250/B30,P2677(NKS)
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| − | # "The noumena are ‘forms’ or ‘ideas’, which exist in a realm beyond space and time." University of Leeds course notes
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason B309,P270(NKS)
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| − | # Allison, H. - Transcendental Realism, Empirical Realism, and Transcendental Idealism - MS Word
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A253/B310
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| − | # Critique of Pure Reason A256/B312,P273
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| − | # Critique of Pure ReasonB/137,P156
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| − | # Critique of Pure ReasonB/xx.,P24
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| − | # Rohmann, Chris. "Kant" A World of Ideas: A Dictionary of Important Theories, Concepts, Beliefs, and Thnkers. Ballantine Books, 1999.
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| − | # The World as Will and Representation(vol. 1, Dover edition 1966, ISBN 0-486-21761-2 p. 476-477)
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| − | # Nietzsche, F. Beyond Good and Evil, Chapter 1. section 11.
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| − | # Nietzsche, F. Beyond Good and Evil Chapter 1. Section 12.
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| − | # Popper, K. Science: Conjectures and Refutations
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| − | # Nietzsche, F. Beyond Good and Evil. Chapter 1, Section 18.
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| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
