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Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpgright|frame '''Jealousy''' is an emotion whose effects “frequently get out of control” (Goldie, 2000, p. 229). I...'
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'''Jealousy''' is an [[emotion]] whose effects “frequently get out of control” (Goldie, 2000, p. 229). It is a common [[observation]] that the [[experience]] of jealousy can last much longer than the one of a basic emotion like [[anger]], without losing its [[original]] [[intensity]], and, in a [[paradox]] captured in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefoucauld Rochefoucauld's] maxim, it may outlast the attachment which it [[fears]] losing: "jealousy is always born with [[love]]; it does not always die with it."
The word stems from the French jalousie, formed from jaloux (jealous), and further from Low [[Latin]] zelosus (full of zeal), in turn from the [[Greek]] word ζήλος (zēlos), sometimes "jealousy", but more often in a [[good]] sense "emulation, ardour, zeal" [9][10] (with a root connoting "to boil, ferment"; or "yeast").
The [[color]] green is often associated with jealousy and envy, which is where the expressions "green with envy" , and "green-eyed monster" come from.
==Theories==
People do not express jealousy through a single emotion or a single [[behavior]].[11][12][13] They instead express jealousy through [[diverse]] emotions and [[behaviors]], which makes it difficult to form a [[scientific]] definition of jealousy. Scientists still do not have a [[universally]] agreed upon definition of jealousy. They instead define jealousy in their own words, as illustrated by the following examples:
* "[[Romantic]] jealousy is here defined as a [[complex]] of [[thoughts]], feelings, and actions which follow threats to self-esteem and/or threats to the [[existence]] or [[quality]] of a romantic [[relationship]], when those threats are generated by the [[perception]] of a real or [[potential]] attraction between one's partner and a (perhaps imaginary) rival." (White, 1981, p. 24)[14]
* "Jealousy, then, is any aversive [[reaction]] that occurs as the result of a partner's extradyadic relationship that is real, [[imagined]], or considered likely to occur." (Bringle & Buunk, 1991, page 135)[15]
* "Jealousy is conceptualized as a cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response to a relationship threat. In the case of [[sexual]] jealousy, this threat emanates from knowing or suspecting that one's partner has had (or [[desires]] to have) [[Sexual Intercourse|sexual activity]] with a third party. In the case of emotional jealousy, an individual feels threatened by her or his partner's emotional involvement with and/or [[love]] for a third party." (Guerrero, Spitzberg, & Yoshimura, 2004, page 311)[16]
* "Jealousy is defined as a protective reaction to a perceived threat to a valued relationship, arising from a situation in which the partner's involvement with an activity and/or another [[person]] is contrary to the jealous person's definition of their relationship." (Bevan, 2004, page 195)[17]
* "Jealousy is triggered by the threat of separation from, or loss of, a [[romantic]] partner, when that threat is attributed to the possibility of the partner's romantic interest in another person." (Sharpteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997, page 628)[18]
These definitions of jealousy share two basic themes. First, all the definitions imply a triad composed of a jealous [[individual]], a partner, and a third party rival. Jealousy typically involves three people. Second, all the definitions describe jealousy as a reaction to feeling threatened. Jealous reactions typically involve aversive emotions and/or protective behaviors. These themes form the [[essential]] [[meaning]] of jealousy in most scientific studies.
==Jealousy vs Envy==
Popular [[culture]] uses the word jealousy as a synonym for envy. Many dictionary definitions include a [[reference]] to envy or envious [[feelings]]. In fact, the overlapping use of jealousy and envy has a long [[history]].
<blockquote>"The terms are used indiscriminately in such popular 'feelgood' books as Nancy Friday's Jealousy, where the expression 'jealousy' applies to a broad range of [[passions]], from envy to lust and greed. While this kind of usage blurs the boundaries between categories that are [[intellectually]] valuable and [[psychologically]] [[justifiable]], such [[confusion]] is understandable in that historical explorations of the term indicate that these boundaries have long posed problems. Margot Grzywacz's fascinating etymological survey of the [[word]] in Romance and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages Germanic languages] asserts, indeed, that the [[concept]] was one of those that proved to be the most difficult to [[express]] in language and was therefore among the last to find an unambiguous term. Classical [[Latin]] used ''invidia'', without strictly differentiating between envy and jealousy. It was not until the postclassical era that Latin borrowed the late and poetic Greek word ''zelotypia'' and the associated adjective ''zelosus''. It is from this adjective that are derived French ''jaloux'', Provencal ''gelos'', Italian ''geloso'', and Spanish ''celoso''. (Lloyd, 1995, page 4)[19]</blockquote>
Perhaps the overlapping use of jealousy and envy occurs because people can experience both at the same time. A person may envy the characteristics or possessions of someone who also happens to be a romantic rival.[20] In [[fact]], one may even interpret romantic jealousy as a form of envy.[21] A jealous person may envy the [[affection]] that his or her partner gives to a rival--affection the jealous person feels entitled to himself or herself. People often use the word jealousy as a broad label that applies to both experiences of jealousy and experiences of envy.[22]
Although popular culture often uses jealousy and envy as synonyms, modern [[philosophers]] and [[psychologists]] have [[argued]] for conceptual distinctions between jealousy and envy. For example, philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls John Rawls][23] distinguishes between jealousy and envy on the ground that jealousy involves the wish to keep what one has, and envy the wish to get what one does not have. Thus, a child is jealous of her parents' [[attention]] to a sibling, but envious of her [[friend]]'s new bicycle. Psychologists Laura Guerrero and Peter Andersen have proposed the same distinction.[24] They claim the jealous person "perceives that he or she possesses a valued relationship, but is in danger of losing it or at least of having it altered in an undesirable [[manner]]," whereas the envious person "does not possess a valued commodity, but wishes to possess it." Gerrod Parrot draws attention to the distinct thoughts and feelings that occur in jealousy and envy.[20][25][26]
Parrot acknowledges that people can experience envy and jealousy at the same time. Feelings of envy about a rival can even [[intensify]] the [[experience]] of jealousy. [27] Still, the [[differences]] between envy and jealousy in terms of thoughts and feelings justify their distinction in [[philosophy]] and [[science]]. However, we are Jealous of a rival, while we are Envious of what other people have.
==In psychology==
Jealousy involves an entire “emotional [[event|episode]],” including a [[complex]] “[[narrative]],”: the circumstances that lead up to jealousy, jealousy itself as [[emotion]], any attempt at self regulation, subsequent [[actions]] and events and the resolution of the episode (Parrott, 2001, p. 306). The narrative can originate from [[experienced]] facts, thoughts, [[perceptions]], [[memories]], but also [[imagination]], guess and [[assumptions]]. The more [[society]] and [[culture]] matter in the formation of these factors, the more jealousy can have a social and cultural [[origin]]. By contrast, Goldie (2000, p. 228) shows how jealousy can be a “cognitively impenetrable [[state]]”, where [[education]] and [[rational]] [[belief]] matter very little.
One possible explanation of the [[origin]] of jealousy in [[evolution]]ary psychology is that the emotion evolved in order to maximize the success of our [[genes]]: it is a [[biologically]] based [[emotion]] (Prinz after Buss and Larsen, 2004, p. 120) selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one’s own offspring. A jealous [[behavior]], in men, is directed into avoiding sexual betrayal and a consequent waste of resources and effort in taking care of someone else’s offspring. There are, additionally, cultural or social explanations of the origin of jealousy. According to one, the narrative from which jealousy arises can be in great part made by the imagination. [[Imagination]] is strongly affected by the [[culture]] a person lives within. The [[pattern]] of [[reasoning]], the way one perceives situations, depends strongly on cultural [[context]].
While [[mainstream]] [[psychology]] considers sexual arousal through jealousy a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia paraphilia], some [[authors]] on [[sexuality]] (Serge Kreutz, Instrumental Jealousy) have [[argued]] that jealousy in manageable [[dimensions]] can have a definite positive effect on sexual [[function]] and sexual satisfaction. Studies have also shown that jealousy sometimes heightens [[passion]] towards partners and increases the intensity of passionate sex.[28][29]
Jealousy in children and teenagers has been observed more often in those with low self-esteem and can evoke aggressive reactions. One such study suggested that developing [[intimate]] [[friends]] can be followed by emotional insecurity and loneliness in some children when those intimate friends interact with others. Jealousy linked to agression and low self-esteem
==In sociology==
[[Anthropologists]] have claimed that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is [[expressed]]. [[Attitudes]] toward jealousy can also change within a [[culture]] over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more [[negative]] views about jealousy.
==Applications==
Artistic depictions of jealousy occur in [[fiction]], [[films]], and other art forms such as [[painting]] and [[sculpture]]. Jealousy is the [[power]]ful complex of emotions experienced at the loss, real or imagined, of something or someone you believe is yours, whereas envy concerns what you do not have and would like to possess. In Shakespeare's play [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello Othello], the title character is filled with jealousy at the [[thought]] of losing his beloved Desdemona: his General, Iago, is consumed with envy of Othello’s prestige. Because jealous lovers tell multiple stories about those who arouse their jealousy, and because the emotion is so corrosive, jealousy is a common theme in [[literature]], [[art]], [[theatre]], and [[film]].
==Further reading==
* Peter Goldie. The Emotions, A Philosophical Exploration . Oxford University Press, 2000
* W. Gerrod Parrott. Emotions in Social Psychology . Psychology Press, 2001
* Jesse J. Prinz. Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2004
* Staff, P.T. (Jan/Feb 1994,), "A devastating difference", Psychology Today, Document ID 1544, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19940101-000017.html, retrieved 2006-07-08
* Jealousy among the Sangha Quoting Jeremy Hayward from his book on Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche Warrior-King of Shambhala: Remembering Chögyam Trungpa
==References==
# Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.
# Hart, S. (2002). Jealousy in 6-month-old infants. Infancy, 3, 395–402.
# Hart, S. (2004). When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy? Infancy, 6, 57–78.
# Shackelford, T.K., Voracek, M., Schmitt, D.P., Buss, D.M., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., & Michalski, R.L. (2004). Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life. Human Nature, 15, 283–300.
# Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.
# Buss DM (December 2001). "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective". J Pers 69 (6): 955–78. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171. PMID 11767825.
# White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
# Peter Salovey. The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. 1991. ISBN 978-0898625554
# Jealous, Online Etymology Dictionary
# Zelos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
# Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Retrieved July 4, 2006 from the World eBook Library . Also available from ManyBooks.net.
# Clanton, G. & Smith, L. (1977) Jealousy. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc.
# Bram Buunk, B. (1984). Jealousy as related to attributions for the partner's behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 107–112.
# White, G.L. (1981). Jealousy and partner's perceived motives for attraction to a rival. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 24–30.
# Bringle, R.G. & Buunk, B.P. (1991). Extradyadic relationships and sexual jealousy. In K. McKinney and S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality in Close Relationships (pp. 135-153) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Guerrero, L.K., Spitzberg, B.H., & Yoshimura, S.M. (2004). Sexual and Emotional Jealousy. In J.H. Harvey, S. Sprecher, and A. Wenzel (Eds.), The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships (pp. 311-345). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Bevan, J.L. (2004). General partner and relational uncertainty as consequences of another person's jealousy expression. Western Journal of Communication, 68, 195–218.
# Sharpsteen, D.J., & Kirkpatrick, L.A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 627–640.
# Lloyd, R. (1995). Closer & Closer Apart: Jealousy in Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
# Parrot, W.G. & Smith, R.H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 906–920.
# Kristjansson, K. (2002). Justifying Emotions: Pride and Jealousy.
# Smith R.H., Kim S.H., & Parrott W.G. (1988). Envy and jealousy: Semantic problems and experiential distinctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 401–409.
# Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
# Guerrero, L.K., & Andersen, P.A. (1998). The dark side of jealousy and envy: desire, delusion, desperation, and destructive communication. In W.R. Cupach and B.H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The Dark Side of Close Relationships, (pp. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Parrott, W.G. (1992). The emotional experiences of envy and jealousy. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy (pp. 3–29). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
# Staff, P.T. (Jan/Feb 1994,), "A devastating difference", Psychology Today, Document ID 1544, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19940101-000017.html, retrieved 2006-07-08
# Pines A., & Aronson E. (1983). Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of sexual jealousy. Journal of Personality, 51, 108-136.
# DeLameter, J. (1991). Emotions and sexuality. In K. McKinney and S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality, in close relationships (pp. 49–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Pines, A. (1992). Romantic jealousy: Understanding and conquering the shadow of love. New York: St. Martin's Press.
==External links==
* BBC: Jealousy
* The Buddhist Archives of Dr. Alexander Berzin: Dealing with Jealousy (March 2004)
[[Category: Psychology]]
'''Jealousy''' is an [[emotion]] whose effects “frequently get out of control” (Goldie, 2000, p. 229). It is a common [[observation]] that the [[experience]] of jealousy can last much longer than the one of a basic emotion like [[anger]], without losing its [[original]] [[intensity]], and, in a [[paradox]] captured in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefoucauld Rochefoucauld's] maxim, it may outlast the attachment which it [[fears]] losing: "jealousy is always born with [[love]]; it does not always die with it."
The word stems from the French jalousie, formed from jaloux (jealous), and further from Low [[Latin]] zelosus (full of zeal), in turn from the [[Greek]] word ζήλος (zēlos), sometimes "jealousy", but more often in a [[good]] sense "emulation, ardour, zeal" [9][10] (with a root connoting "to boil, ferment"; or "yeast").
The [[color]] green is often associated with jealousy and envy, which is where the expressions "green with envy" , and "green-eyed monster" come from.
==Theories==
People do not express jealousy through a single emotion or a single [[behavior]].[11][12][13] They instead express jealousy through [[diverse]] emotions and [[behaviors]], which makes it difficult to form a [[scientific]] definition of jealousy. Scientists still do not have a [[universally]] agreed upon definition of jealousy. They instead define jealousy in their own words, as illustrated by the following examples:
* "[[Romantic]] jealousy is here defined as a [[complex]] of [[thoughts]], feelings, and actions which follow threats to self-esteem and/or threats to the [[existence]] or [[quality]] of a romantic [[relationship]], when those threats are generated by the [[perception]] of a real or [[potential]] attraction between one's partner and a (perhaps imaginary) rival." (White, 1981, p. 24)[14]
* "Jealousy, then, is any aversive [[reaction]] that occurs as the result of a partner's extradyadic relationship that is real, [[imagined]], or considered likely to occur." (Bringle & Buunk, 1991, page 135)[15]
* "Jealousy is conceptualized as a cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response to a relationship threat. In the case of [[sexual]] jealousy, this threat emanates from knowing or suspecting that one's partner has had (or [[desires]] to have) [[Sexual Intercourse|sexual activity]] with a third party. In the case of emotional jealousy, an individual feels threatened by her or his partner's emotional involvement with and/or [[love]] for a third party." (Guerrero, Spitzberg, & Yoshimura, 2004, page 311)[16]
* "Jealousy is defined as a protective reaction to a perceived threat to a valued relationship, arising from a situation in which the partner's involvement with an activity and/or another [[person]] is contrary to the jealous person's definition of their relationship." (Bevan, 2004, page 195)[17]
* "Jealousy is triggered by the threat of separation from, or loss of, a [[romantic]] partner, when that threat is attributed to the possibility of the partner's romantic interest in another person." (Sharpteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997, page 628)[18]
These definitions of jealousy share two basic themes. First, all the definitions imply a triad composed of a jealous [[individual]], a partner, and a third party rival. Jealousy typically involves three people. Second, all the definitions describe jealousy as a reaction to feeling threatened. Jealous reactions typically involve aversive emotions and/or protective behaviors. These themes form the [[essential]] [[meaning]] of jealousy in most scientific studies.
==Jealousy vs Envy==
Popular [[culture]] uses the word jealousy as a synonym for envy. Many dictionary definitions include a [[reference]] to envy or envious [[feelings]]. In fact, the overlapping use of jealousy and envy has a long [[history]].
<blockquote>"The terms are used indiscriminately in such popular 'feelgood' books as Nancy Friday's Jealousy, where the expression 'jealousy' applies to a broad range of [[passions]], from envy to lust and greed. While this kind of usage blurs the boundaries between categories that are [[intellectually]] valuable and [[psychologically]] [[justifiable]], such [[confusion]] is understandable in that historical explorations of the term indicate that these boundaries have long posed problems. Margot Grzywacz's fascinating etymological survey of the [[word]] in Romance and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages Germanic languages] asserts, indeed, that the [[concept]] was one of those that proved to be the most difficult to [[express]] in language and was therefore among the last to find an unambiguous term. Classical [[Latin]] used ''invidia'', without strictly differentiating between envy and jealousy. It was not until the postclassical era that Latin borrowed the late and poetic Greek word ''zelotypia'' and the associated adjective ''zelosus''. It is from this adjective that are derived French ''jaloux'', Provencal ''gelos'', Italian ''geloso'', and Spanish ''celoso''. (Lloyd, 1995, page 4)[19]</blockquote>
Perhaps the overlapping use of jealousy and envy occurs because people can experience both at the same time. A person may envy the characteristics or possessions of someone who also happens to be a romantic rival.[20] In [[fact]], one may even interpret romantic jealousy as a form of envy.[21] A jealous person may envy the [[affection]] that his or her partner gives to a rival--affection the jealous person feels entitled to himself or herself. People often use the word jealousy as a broad label that applies to both experiences of jealousy and experiences of envy.[22]
Although popular culture often uses jealousy and envy as synonyms, modern [[philosophers]] and [[psychologists]] have [[argued]] for conceptual distinctions between jealousy and envy. For example, philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls John Rawls][23] distinguishes between jealousy and envy on the ground that jealousy involves the wish to keep what one has, and envy the wish to get what one does not have. Thus, a child is jealous of her parents' [[attention]] to a sibling, but envious of her [[friend]]'s new bicycle. Psychologists Laura Guerrero and Peter Andersen have proposed the same distinction.[24] They claim the jealous person "perceives that he or she possesses a valued relationship, but is in danger of losing it or at least of having it altered in an undesirable [[manner]]," whereas the envious person "does not possess a valued commodity, but wishes to possess it." Gerrod Parrot draws attention to the distinct thoughts and feelings that occur in jealousy and envy.[20][25][26]
Parrot acknowledges that people can experience envy and jealousy at the same time. Feelings of envy about a rival can even [[intensify]] the [[experience]] of jealousy. [27] Still, the [[differences]] between envy and jealousy in terms of thoughts and feelings justify their distinction in [[philosophy]] and [[science]]. However, we are Jealous of a rival, while we are Envious of what other people have.
==In psychology==
Jealousy involves an entire “emotional [[event|episode]],” including a [[complex]] “[[narrative]],”: the circumstances that lead up to jealousy, jealousy itself as [[emotion]], any attempt at self regulation, subsequent [[actions]] and events and the resolution of the episode (Parrott, 2001, p. 306). The narrative can originate from [[experienced]] facts, thoughts, [[perceptions]], [[memories]], but also [[imagination]], guess and [[assumptions]]. The more [[society]] and [[culture]] matter in the formation of these factors, the more jealousy can have a social and cultural [[origin]]. By contrast, Goldie (2000, p. 228) shows how jealousy can be a “cognitively impenetrable [[state]]”, where [[education]] and [[rational]] [[belief]] matter very little.
One possible explanation of the [[origin]] of jealousy in [[evolution]]ary psychology is that the emotion evolved in order to maximize the success of our [[genes]]: it is a [[biologically]] based [[emotion]] (Prinz after Buss and Larsen, 2004, p. 120) selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one’s own offspring. A jealous [[behavior]], in men, is directed into avoiding sexual betrayal and a consequent waste of resources and effort in taking care of someone else’s offspring. There are, additionally, cultural or social explanations of the origin of jealousy. According to one, the narrative from which jealousy arises can be in great part made by the imagination. [[Imagination]] is strongly affected by the [[culture]] a person lives within. The [[pattern]] of [[reasoning]], the way one perceives situations, depends strongly on cultural [[context]].
While [[mainstream]] [[psychology]] considers sexual arousal through jealousy a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia paraphilia], some [[authors]] on [[sexuality]] (Serge Kreutz, Instrumental Jealousy) have [[argued]] that jealousy in manageable [[dimensions]] can have a definite positive effect on sexual [[function]] and sexual satisfaction. Studies have also shown that jealousy sometimes heightens [[passion]] towards partners and increases the intensity of passionate sex.[28][29]
Jealousy in children and teenagers has been observed more often in those with low self-esteem and can evoke aggressive reactions. One such study suggested that developing [[intimate]] [[friends]] can be followed by emotional insecurity and loneliness in some children when those intimate friends interact with others. Jealousy linked to agression and low self-esteem
==In sociology==
[[Anthropologists]] have claimed that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is [[expressed]]. [[Attitudes]] toward jealousy can also change within a [[culture]] over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more [[negative]] views about jealousy.
==Applications==
Artistic depictions of jealousy occur in [[fiction]], [[films]], and other art forms such as [[painting]] and [[sculpture]]. Jealousy is the [[power]]ful complex of emotions experienced at the loss, real or imagined, of something or someone you believe is yours, whereas envy concerns what you do not have and would like to possess. In Shakespeare's play [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello Othello], the title character is filled with jealousy at the [[thought]] of losing his beloved Desdemona: his General, Iago, is consumed with envy of Othello’s prestige. Because jealous lovers tell multiple stories about those who arouse their jealousy, and because the emotion is so corrosive, jealousy is a common theme in [[literature]], [[art]], [[theatre]], and [[film]].
==Further reading==
* Peter Goldie. The Emotions, A Philosophical Exploration . Oxford University Press, 2000
* W. Gerrod Parrott. Emotions in Social Psychology . Psychology Press, 2001
* Jesse J. Prinz. Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2004
* Staff, P.T. (Jan/Feb 1994,), "A devastating difference", Psychology Today, Document ID 1544, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19940101-000017.html, retrieved 2006-07-08
* Jealousy among the Sangha Quoting Jeremy Hayward from his book on Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche Warrior-King of Shambhala: Remembering Chögyam Trungpa
==References==
# Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.
# Hart, S. (2002). Jealousy in 6-month-old infants. Infancy, 3, 395–402.
# Hart, S. (2004). When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy? Infancy, 6, 57–78.
# Shackelford, T.K., Voracek, M., Schmitt, D.P., Buss, D.M., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A., & Michalski, R.L. (2004). Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life. Human Nature, 15, 283–300.
# Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.
# Buss DM (December 2001). "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective". J Pers 69 (6): 955–78. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171. PMID 11767825.
# White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
# Peter Salovey. The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. 1991. ISBN 978-0898625554
# Jealous, Online Etymology Dictionary
# Zelos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
# Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Retrieved July 4, 2006 from the World eBook Library . Also available from ManyBooks.net.
# Clanton, G. & Smith, L. (1977) Jealousy. New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, Inc.
# Bram Buunk, B. (1984). Jealousy as related to attributions for the partner's behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 107–112.
# White, G.L. (1981). Jealousy and partner's perceived motives for attraction to a rival. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 24–30.
# Bringle, R.G. & Buunk, B.P. (1991). Extradyadic relationships and sexual jealousy. In K. McKinney and S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality in Close Relationships (pp. 135-153) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Guerrero, L.K., Spitzberg, B.H., & Yoshimura, S.M. (2004). Sexual and Emotional Jealousy. In J.H. Harvey, S. Sprecher, and A. Wenzel (Eds.), The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships (pp. 311-345). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Bevan, J.L. (2004). General partner and relational uncertainty as consequences of another person's jealousy expression. Western Journal of Communication, 68, 195–218.
# Sharpsteen, D.J., & Kirkpatrick, L.A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 627–640.
# Lloyd, R. (1995). Closer & Closer Apart: Jealousy in Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
# Parrot, W.G. & Smith, R.H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 906–920.
# Kristjansson, K. (2002). Justifying Emotions: Pride and Jealousy.
# Smith R.H., Kim S.H., & Parrott W.G. (1988). Envy and jealousy: Semantic problems and experiential distinctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 401–409.
# Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
# Guerrero, L.K., & Andersen, P.A. (1998). The dark side of jealousy and envy: desire, delusion, desperation, and destructive communication. In W.R. Cupach and B.H. Spitzberg (Eds.), The Dark Side of Close Relationships, (pp. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Parrott, W.G. (1992). The emotional experiences of envy and jealousy. In P. Salovey (Ed.), The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy (pp. 3–29). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
# Staff, P.T. (Jan/Feb 1994,), "A devastating difference", Psychology Today, Document ID 1544, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19940101-000017.html, retrieved 2006-07-08
# Pines A., & Aronson E. (1983). Antecedents, correlates, and consequences of sexual jealousy. Journal of Personality, 51, 108-136.
# DeLameter, J. (1991). Emotions and sexuality. In K. McKinney and S. Sprecher (Eds.), Sexuality, in close relationships (pp. 49–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
# Pines, A. (1992). Romantic jealousy: Understanding and conquering the shadow of love. New York: St. Martin's Press.
==External links==
* BBC: Jealousy
* The Buddhist Archives of Dr. Alexander Berzin: Dealing with Jealousy (March 2004)
[[Category: Psychology]]