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New page: '''Auctoritas''' is a Latin word and is the origin of English "authority". While historically its use in English was restricted to discussions of the political history of Rome,...
'''Auctoritas''' is a [[Latin]] word and is the origin of English "[[authority]]". While historically its use in English was restricted to discussions of the political [[history of Rome]], the beginning of [[phenomenology|phenomenological]] philosophy in the twentieth century changed the use of the word substantially.
In [[Ancient Rome]], ''Auctoritas'' referred to the general level of prestige a person had in Roman society. And, as a consequence, their clout, influence, and ability to rally support around one's will.
==Etymology and origin==
According to French linguist [[Emile Benveniste]], ''auctor'' (which also gives us English "[[author]]") is derived from Latin augeō ("to augment"). The ''auctor'' is "''is qui auget''", the one who augments the act or the [[juridical]] situation of another. <ref>[[James Bradstreet Greenough|J.B. Greenough]] disputes this etymology of ''auctor'' - but not the sense of foundation and augmentation - in "Latin Etymologies", ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', Vol. 4, 1893.</ref>
''Auctor'' in the sense of "author", comes from ''auctor'' as founder or, one might say, "planter-cultivator". Similarly, ''auctoritas'' refers to rightful [[ownership]], based on one's having "produced" or [[homesteading|homesteaded]] the article of property in question - more in the sense of "sponsored" or "acquired" than "manufactured". (See ''Hannah Arendt On Auctoritas'' below.) This ''auctoritas'' would, for example, persist through an ''[[usucapio]]'' of ill-gotten or abandoned property.
In the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their ''tutors'' ("protectors") for certain actions. Thus, ''auctoritas'' characterizes the ''auctor'': The [[pater familias]] ''authorizes'' - that is, validates and legitimates - his son's wedding ''in prostate''. In this way, ''auctoritas'' might function as a kind of "passive counsel", much as, for example, a scholarly authority.
==Political meaning in Ancient Rome==
[[Image:Maccari-Cicero.jpg|thumb|300px|Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks [[Catilina]], from a 19th century fresco]]
Politically, ''auctoritas'' was connected to the [[Roman Senate|Roman Senate's]] authority (''auctoritas patrum''), as opposed to [[potestas]] or [[imperium]] ([[political power|power]]) , which were held by the [[magistratus|magistrates]] or the [[plebs|people]]. In this context, ''Auctoritas'' could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.
The 19th-century [[classicist]] [[Theodor Mommsen]] describes the "force" of ''auctoritas'' as "more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not safely ignore." Cicero says of power and authority, ''"Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit."'' ("While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate.")
A popular translation is 'the ability to make people do what you want, just by being who you are.'
===Auctoritas principis===
After the fall of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]], during the days of the [[Roman Empire]], the Emperor had the title of [[princeps]] ("first citizen" of Rome) and held the ''auctorictas principis'' - the supreme moral authority -, in conjunction with the imperium and potestas - the military, judiciary and administrative powers.
== Hannah Arendt on ''Auctoritas'' ==
[[Hannah Arendt]] considers ''auctoritas'' a reference to founding acts as the source of political authority in Ancient Rome. She takes foundation to include (as ''augeō'' suggests), the continuous conservation and increase of principles handed down from "the beginning" (see also [[pietas (virtue)|pietas]]). According to Arendt, this source of authority was rediscovered in the course of the [[18th-century]] [[American Revolution]] (see "United States of America" under [[Founding Fathers]]), as an alternative to an intervening [[Western tradition]] of [[absolutism]], claiming absolute authority, as from [[God]] (see [[Divine Right of Kings]]), and later from [[Natural law|Nature]], [[Nous|Reason]], [[Historical Materialism|History]], and even, as in the [[French Revolution]], [[Revolution]] itself (see [[Reign of Terror|La Terreur]]). Arendt views a crisis of authority as common to both the American and French Revolutions, and the response to that crisis a key factor in the relative success of the former and failure of the latter.
Arendt further considers the sense of ''auctor'' and ''auctoritas'' in various Latin [[idiom]]s, and the fact that ''auctor'' was used in contradistinction to - and (at least by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]) held in higher esteem than - ''[[artifex|artifices]]'', the [[artisan]]s to whom it might fall to "merely" build up or implement the author-founder's vision and design.
== Giorgio Agamben on ''Auctoritas'' ==
Philosopher [[Giorgio Agamben]] suggests a relationship between the Roman ''auctoritas'', [[Max Weber]]'s "[[charismatic authority|charismatic power]]", and [[Carl Schmitt]]'s theoretical/ideological basis for the [[Nazi]] ''[[Führer]]tum'' doctrine. Agamben compares ''auctoritas'' to the ''Führer'' (who embodies ''[[nomos]] empsuchon'' or "living law") in their relationship to the observance of ''gramma'' (written law).
''See also'' : [[Giorgio Agamben#State of Exception .282005.29|Giorgio Agamben, ''State of Exception'']].
== References ==
*Cicero, ''[[De Legibus]]'' ([[1st century BC]])
*Giorgio Agamben, ''State of Exception'' (2005)
*Hannah Arendt, ''Between Past and Future'', Chapter 3, Section IV. (1968)
*Hannah Arendt, ''On Revolution'', Chapter 5, Section 2. (1965)
*Theodor Mommsen, ''Römisches Staatsrecht'', Volume III, Chapter 2. (1887)
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ''[[A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''. (1875, 1890 editions)
[[Category: General Reference]]
In [[Ancient Rome]], ''Auctoritas'' referred to the general level of prestige a person had in Roman society. And, as a consequence, their clout, influence, and ability to rally support around one's will.
==Etymology and origin==
According to French linguist [[Emile Benveniste]], ''auctor'' (which also gives us English "[[author]]") is derived from Latin augeō ("to augment"). The ''auctor'' is "''is qui auget''", the one who augments the act or the [[juridical]] situation of another. <ref>[[James Bradstreet Greenough|J.B. Greenough]] disputes this etymology of ''auctor'' - but not the sense of foundation and augmentation - in "Latin Etymologies", ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', Vol. 4, 1893.</ref>
''Auctor'' in the sense of "author", comes from ''auctor'' as founder or, one might say, "planter-cultivator". Similarly, ''auctoritas'' refers to rightful [[ownership]], based on one's having "produced" or [[homesteading|homesteaded]] the article of property in question - more in the sense of "sponsored" or "acquired" than "manufactured". (See ''Hannah Arendt On Auctoritas'' below.) This ''auctoritas'' would, for example, persist through an ''[[usucapio]]'' of ill-gotten or abandoned property.
In the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their ''tutors'' ("protectors") for certain actions. Thus, ''auctoritas'' characterizes the ''auctor'': The [[pater familias]] ''authorizes'' - that is, validates and legitimates - his son's wedding ''in prostate''. In this way, ''auctoritas'' might function as a kind of "passive counsel", much as, for example, a scholarly authority.
==Political meaning in Ancient Rome==
[[Image:Maccari-Cicero.jpg|thumb|300px|Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks [[Catilina]], from a 19th century fresco]]
Politically, ''auctoritas'' was connected to the [[Roman Senate|Roman Senate's]] authority (''auctoritas patrum''), as opposed to [[potestas]] or [[imperium]] ([[political power|power]]) , which were held by the [[magistratus|magistrates]] or the [[plebs|people]]. In this context, ''Auctoritas'' could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.
The 19th-century [[classicist]] [[Theodor Mommsen]] describes the "force" of ''auctoritas'' as "more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not safely ignore." Cicero says of power and authority, ''"Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit."'' ("While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate.")
A popular translation is 'the ability to make people do what you want, just by being who you are.'
===Auctoritas principis===
After the fall of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]], during the days of the [[Roman Empire]], the Emperor had the title of [[princeps]] ("first citizen" of Rome) and held the ''auctorictas principis'' - the supreme moral authority -, in conjunction with the imperium and potestas - the military, judiciary and administrative powers.
== Hannah Arendt on ''Auctoritas'' ==
[[Hannah Arendt]] considers ''auctoritas'' a reference to founding acts as the source of political authority in Ancient Rome. She takes foundation to include (as ''augeō'' suggests), the continuous conservation and increase of principles handed down from "the beginning" (see also [[pietas (virtue)|pietas]]). According to Arendt, this source of authority was rediscovered in the course of the [[18th-century]] [[American Revolution]] (see "United States of America" under [[Founding Fathers]]), as an alternative to an intervening [[Western tradition]] of [[absolutism]], claiming absolute authority, as from [[God]] (see [[Divine Right of Kings]]), and later from [[Natural law|Nature]], [[Nous|Reason]], [[Historical Materialism|History]], and even, as in the [[French Revolution]], [[Revolution]] itself (see [[Reign of Terror|La Terreur]]). Arendt views a crisis of authority as common to both the American and French Revolutions, and the response to that crisis a key factor in the relative success of the former and failure of the latter.
Arendt further considers the sense of ''auctor'' and ''auctoritas'' in various Latin [[idiom]]s, and the fact that ''auctor'' was used in contradistinction to - and (at least by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]) held in higher esteem than - ''[[artifex|artifices]]'', the [[artisan]]s to whom it might fall to "merely" build up or implement the author-founder's vision and design.
== Giorgio Agamben on ''Auctoritas'' ==
Philosopher [[Giorgio Agamben]] suggests a relationship between the Roman ''auctoritas'', [[Max Weber]]'s "[[charismatic authority|charismatic power]]", and [[Carl Schmitt]]'s theoretical/ideological basis for the [[Nazi]] ''[[Führer]]tum'' doctrine. Agamben compares ''auctoritas'' to the ''Führer'' (who embodies ''[[nomos]] empsuchon'' or "living law") in their relationship to the observance of ''gramma'' (written law).
''See also'' : [[Giorgio Agamben#State of Exception .282005.29|Giorgio Agamben, ''State of Exception'']].
== References ==
*Cicero, ''[[De Legibus]]'' ([[1st century BC]])
*Giorgio Agamben, ''State of Exception'' (2005)
*Hannah Arendt, ''Between Past and Future'', Chapter 3, Section IV. (1968)
*Hannah Arendt, ''On Revolution'', Chapter 5, Section 2. (1965)
*Theodor Mommsen, ''Römisches Staatsrecht'', Volume III, Chapter 2. (1887)
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ''[[A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]]''. (1875, 1890 editions)
[[Category: General Reference]]