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==Origin==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] dialetik, from Anglo-French dialetiqe, from [[Latin]] dialectica, from [[Greek]] dialektikē, from [[feminine]] of dialektikos of [[conversation]], from dialektos
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
==Definitions==
*1: logic 1a(1)
*2a : discussion and reasoning by dialogue as a method of intellectual investigation; specifically : the Socratic techniques of exposing false beliefs and eliciting truth
:b : the Platonic investigation of the eternal ideas
*3: the logic of fallacy
*4a : the Hegelian process of change in which a concept or its realization passes over into and is preserved and fulfilled by its opposite; also : the critical investigation of this process
:b (1) usually plural but singular or plural in construction : development through the stages of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in accordance with the laws of dialectical materialism (2) : the investigation of this process (3) : the theoretical application of this process especially in the social sciences
*5: usually plural but singular or plural in construction a : any systematic reasoning, exposition, or argument that juxtaposes opposed or contradictory ideas and usually seeks to resolve their conflict b : an intellectual exchange of ideas
*6: the dialectical tension or opposition between two interacting forces or elements
==Description==
'''Dialectic''' (also dialectics and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Principles ''dialectical method'']) is a [[method]] of [[argument]] for resolving disagreement that is central to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Philosophy Indic] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Philosophy European philosophy], since antiquity. The [[word]] ''dialectic'' originated in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Ancient Greece], and was made popular by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_dialogues Socratic dialogues]. The dialectical method is [[dialogue]] between [[two]], or among more, people holding [[different]] [[points of view]] about a subject, who wish to [[establish]] the [[truth]] of the matter by [[dialogue]], with reasoned [[arguments]]. Dialectics is [[different]] from [[debate]], wherein the debaters are [[committed]] to their [[points of view]], and mean to win the [[debate]], either by [[persuading]] the opponent, proving their [[argument]] correct, or proving the opponent's argument incorrect — thus, either a [[judge]] or a [[jury]] must decide who wins the [[debate]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Principles dialectical method] is [[different]] from [[rhetoric]], wherein the speaker's [[oratory]] [[appeals]] to either [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos logos], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos pathos], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos ethos]; thus, [[rhetorical]] [[speech]] means to [[persuade]] the [[listeners]] (auditors) to take the side of the [[argument]] presented.
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete arête] ([[Greek]]: ἀρετή, [[quality]], excellence) as the highest [[value]], and the determinant of one's [[actions]] in life. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught artistic [[quality]] in [[oratory]] ([[motivation]] via [[speech]]) as a [[manner]] of [[demonstrating]] one's ''arête''. [[Oratory]] was taught as an [[art]] form, used to please and to [[influence]] other people via [[excellent]] [[speech]]; nonetheless, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught the [[pupil]] to seek ''arête'' in all endeavours, not solely in [[oratory]].
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates] favoured [[truth]] as the highest [[value]], [[proposing]] that it could be [[discovered]] through [[reason]] and [[logic]] in [[discussion]]: ergo, ''dialectic''. Socrates valued [[rationality]] ([[appealing]] to [[logic]], not [[emotion]]) as the proper means for [[persuasion]], the [[discovery]] of [[truth]], and the determinant for one's [[actions]]. To [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates], [[truth]], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete ''arête''], was the greater [[good]], and that each [[person]] should, above all else, seek [[truth]] to guide one's life. Therefore, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates] [[opposed]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] and their teaching of [[rhetoric]] as [[art]] and as [[emotional]] oratory requiring neither [[logic]] nor [[proof]]. Different forms of dialectical reasoning emerged from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India Indosphere] (Greater India) and in [[the West]] (Europe), and throughout [[history]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_method Socratic method], Hindu, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya Buddhist], Medieval, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Hegelian_dialectic Hegelian dialectics], Marxist, Talmudic, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy Neo-orthodoxy].
[[Category: Philosophy]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]
==Origin==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] dialetik, from Anglo-French dialetiqe, from [[Latin]] dialectica, from [[Greek]] dialektikē, from [[feminine]] of dialektikos of [[conversation]], from dialektos
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
==Definitions==
*1: logic 1a(1)
*2a : discussion and reasoning by dialogue as a method of intellectual investigation; specifically : the Socratic techniques of exposing false beliefs and eliciting truth
:b : the Platonic investigation of the eternal ideas
*3: the logic of fallacy
*4a : the Hegelian process of change in which a concept or its realization passes over into and is preserved and fulfilled by its opposite; also : the critical investigation of this process
:b (1) usually plural but singular or plural in construction : development through the stages of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in accordance with the laws of dialectical materialism (2) : the investigation of this process (3) : the theoretical application of this process especially in the social sciences
*5: usually plural but singular or plural in construction a : any systematic reasoning, exposition, or argument that juxtaposes opposed or contradictory ideas and usually seeks to resolve their conflict b : an intellectual exchange of ideas
*6: the dialectical tension or opposition between two interacting forces or elements
==Description==
'''Dialectic''' (also dialectics and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Principles ''dialectical method'']) is a [[method]] of [[argument]] for resolving disagreement that is central to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Philosophy Indic] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Philosophy European philosophy], since antiquity. The [[word]] ''dialectic'' originated in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece Ancient Greece], and was made popular by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_dialogues Socratic dialogues]. The dialectical method is [[dialogue]] between [[two]], or among more, people holding [[different]] [[points of view]] about a subject, who wish to [[establish]] the [[truth]] of the matter by [[dialogue]], with reasoned [[arguments]]. Dialectics is [[different]] from [[debate]], wherein the debaters are [[committed]] to their [[points of view]], and mean to win the [[debate]], either by [[persuading]] the opponent, proving their [[argument]] correct, or proving the opponent's argument incorrect — thus, either a [[judge]] or a [[jury]] must decide who wins the [[debate]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Principles dialectical method] is [[different]] from [[rhetoric]], wherein the speaker's [[oratory]] [[appeals]] to either [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos logos], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos pathos], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos ethos]; thus, [[rhetorical]] [[speech]] means to [[persuade]] the [[listeners]] (auditors) to take the side of the [[argument]] presented.
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete arête] ([[Greek]]: ἀρετή, [[quality]], excellence) as the highest [[value]], and the determinant of one's [[actions]] in life. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught artistic [[quality]] in [[oratory]] ([[motivation]] via [[speech]]) as a [[manner]] of [[demonstrating]] one's ''arête''. [[Oratory]] was taught as an [[art]] form, used to please and to [[influence]] other people via [[excellent]] [[speech]]; nonetheless, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] taught the [[pupil]] to seek ''arête'' in all endeavours, not solely in [[oratory]].
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates] favoured [[truth]] as the highest [[value]], [[proposing]] that it could be [[discovered]] through [[reason]] and [[logic]] in [[discussion]]: ergo, ''dialectic''. Socrates valued [[rationality]] ([[appealing]] to [[logic]], not [[emotion]]) as the proper means for [[persuasion]], the [[discovery]] of [[truth]], and the determinant for one's [[actions]]. To [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates], [[truth]], not [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete ''arête''], was the greater [[good]], and that each [[person]] should, above all else, seek [[truth]] to guide one's life. Therefore, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates] [[opposed]] the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism Sophists] and their teaching of [[rhetoric]] as [[art]] and as [[emotional]] oratory requiring neither [[logic]] nor [[proof]]. Different forms of dialectical reasoning emerged from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India Indosphere] (Greater India) and in [[the West]] (Europe), and throughout [[history]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_method Socratic method], Hindu, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaya Buddhist], Medieval, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic#Hegelian_dialectic Hegelian dialectics], Marxist, Talmudic, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy Neo-orthodoxy].
[[Category: Philosophy]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]
