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Epicurus and his followers defined the highest pleasure as the absence of suffering, and pleasure itself as "freedom from pain in the body and freedom from turmoil in the soul". According to Cicero (or rather his [[character]] Torquatus), he also believed that pleasure was the chief good (and, conversely, that pain was the chief evil).

Epicurus and his followers defined the highest pleasure as the absence of suffering, and pleasure itself as "freedom from pain in the body and freedom from turmoil in the soul". According to Cicero (or rather his [[character]] Torquatus), he also believed that pleasure was the chief good (and, conversely, that pain was the chief evil).

The 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer understood pleasure as a negative sensation, as it negates the usual existential condition, that of suffering.

The 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer understood pleasure as a negative sensation, as it negates the usual existential condition, that of suffering.

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Self-gratification]]''''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Self-gratification '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Self-gratification]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Self-gratification '''''this link'''''].</center>

==Philosophies of pleasure==

==Philosophies of pleasure==

Utilitarianism and Hedonism are philosophies that advocate increasing to the maximum the amount of pleasure and minimizing the amount of suffering. Examples of such philosophies are some of Freud's theories of human motivation that have been called psychological hedonism; his "life instinct" is essentially the observation that people will pursue pleasure.[citation needed]

Utilitarianism and Hedonism are philosophies that advocate increasing to the maximum the amount of pleasure and minimizing the amount of suffering. Examples of such philosophies are some of Freud's theories of human motivation that have been called psychological hedonism; his "life instinct" is essentially the observation that people will pursue pleasure.[citation needed]

There has been debate as to whether pleasure is experienced by other animals rather than being an exclusive property of humankind. On the one hand, Jeremy Bentham (usually regarded as the founder of Utilitarianism) and Beth Dixon[ both argue that they do, the latter, however, in a carefully worded [[manner]]. Some might argue that it is a form of anthropomorphism to ascribe any human experience to animals, including pleasure. Others view animal behaviour simply as responses to stimuli; this is the way behaviourists look at the evidence, Pavlov's dogs (or rather his explanation of their behaviour) being the best-known example. However, it may be argued that we simply cannot know whether animals experience pleasure, and most scientists, indeed, prefer to remain neutral while utilizing anthropomorphisms as and when they need them.[10] It appears, though, that those who recognise emotions in animals are in the ascent: many ethologists, for example Marc Bekoff, are prepared to draw the conclusion that animals do experience emotions, though these are not necessarily the same as human emotions.

There has been debate as to whether pleasure is experienced by other animals rather than being an exclusive property of humankind. On the one hand, Jeremy Bentham (usually regarded as the founder of Utilitarianism) and Beth Dixon[ both argue that they do, the latter, however, in a carefully worded [[manner]]. Some might argue that it is a form of anthropomorphism to ascribe any human experience to animals, including pleasure. Others view animal behaviour simply as responses to stimuli; this is the way behaviourists look at the evidence, Pavlov's dogs (or rather his explanation of their behaviour) being the best-known example. However, it may be argued that we simply cannot know whether animals experience pleasure, and most scientists, indeed, prefer to remain neutral while utilizing anthropomorphisms as and when they need them.[10] It appears, though, that those who recognise emotions in animals are in the ascent: many ethologists, for example Marc Bekoff, are prepared to draw the conclusion that animals do experience emotions, though these are not necessarily the same as human emotions.

==Quote==

==Quote==

The [[quality]] of [[worship]] is determined by the depth of [[creature]] [[perception]]; and as the [[knowledge]] of the [[infinite]] [[character]] of [[the Gods]] [[progresses]], the [[act]] of [[worship]] becomes increasingly all-[[encompassing]] until it [[eventually]] attains the [[glory]] of the highest [[experiential]] delight and the most exquisite '''pleasure''' known to created [[beings]].[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_27#27:7._CONDUCTORS_OF_WORSHIP]

The [[quality]] of [[worship]] is determined by the depth of [[creature]] [[perception]]; and as the [[knowledge]] of the [[infinite]] [[character]] of [[the Gods]] [[progresses]], the [[act]] of [[worship]] becomes increasingly all-[[encompassing]] until it [[eventually]] attains the [[glory]] of the highest [[experiential]] delight and the most exquisite '''pleasure''' known to created [[beings]].[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_27#27:7._CONDUCTORS_OF_WORSHIP]

==References==

==References==